NU Botany Syllabus pdf / Botany Syllabus National University/NU Syllabus

1. Botany Syllabus National University
   1. Botany FIRST YEAR
      1. Microbiology
      2. Mycology
      3. Phycology
      4. Practical-I (Microbiology, Mycology & Phycology)
      5. Chemistry-I
      6. Chemistry-I Practical
      7. Zoology -I
      8. Zoology Practical-I
      9. History of the Emergence of Independent Bangladesh
   2. Botany SECOND YEAR
      1. Higher Cryptogams
      2. Taxonomy of Angiosperms
      3. Plant Anatomy and Embryology
      4. Practical-II (Higher Cryptogams, Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Plant Anatomy & Embryology)
      5. General Chemistry – II
      6. Environmental Chemistry
      7. Zoology -II
      8. Zoology Practical -II
      9. English (Compulsory)
2. Botany Syllabus National University
   1. Botany THIRD YEAR
      1. Gymnosperm, Palaeobotany and Palynology
      2. Plant Physiology and Plant Nutrition
      3.  Plant Biochemistry
      4. Ecology and Environmental Science
      5.  Plant Pathology
      6. Cytology and Cytogenetics
      7. Genetics
      8. Practical – III
3. Botany FOURTH YEAR
   1. Agronomy and Horticulture
   2. Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy
   3. Limnology and Aquaculture
   4. Biodiversity and Evolution
   5. Plant Breeding
   6. Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics
   7. Biostatistics and Research Methodology
   8. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
   9. Practical-IV
   10. Viva-voce

Botany Syllabus National University

Botany FIRST YEAR

Microbiology

1. A brief historical background and scope of Microbiology.
2. Living organisms: Characters and possible origin, spontaneous generation, biogenesis and germ theory of infectious diseases.
3. Position of microorganisms in the Living world: Five-kingdom concept, three domain concepts, prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells.
4. Prions, Viroids, Rickettsia and Mycoplasma: Discovery, Structure, general characteristics and importance.
5. Viruses: Discovery, nature, structure of RNA virus (TMV) and DNA virus (T2 phage); multiplication of viruses; transmission of plant viruses, the importance of viruses.

1. Archaea: General characteristics and importance.
2. Bacteria: Prokaryotic nature, size, shape, and arrangement of bacterial cell; chemical composition of flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, endospore; classification of bacteria on the basis of flagella, multiplication of bacteria (binary fission), importance of bacteria.
3. Actinomycetes: Discovery, structure, general characteristics and importance.
4. Growth and nutrition of microorganisms: Generation time, phases of growth curve, essential elements of microbial growth, nutritional groups of microorganisms (autotrophs and heterotrophs).
5. Microbial association: Introduction, positive and negative interaction, commensalism, synargism, antagonism and symbiosis.
6. Bacterial and viral diseases: Major human bacterial and viral diseases e.g. cholera, typhoid, dysenteries, tetanus, tuberculosis, pneumonia, AIDS, and polio.

Books Recommended

1. Frobisher, M., R.D. Hinsdill, K.T. Grabtree and C.R. Gooddheart. 1974: Fundamentals of Microbiology (9th ed.). W.B. Saunders Co. London.
2. Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheshwari. 1999: A Text Book of Microbiology. S. Chand and Co. Ltd.
3. Pelczer, M.J., E.C.S. Chan and N.R. Krieg. 1993: Microbiology: Concepts and Applications. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York.
4. Tortora, G.J., B.R. Funke and C.L. Case. 1997: Microbiology (6th ed.) Addison Wes-ley Longman, Inc., California.

Botany Syllabus National University

Mycology

1. Introduction and scope of Mycology.
2. Myxomycetes: A brief account of the habit, habitats, structure, reproduction and importance.
3. Fungi: General characteristics, vegetative structure, chemical nature of cell wall, growth, nutrition and reproduction.
4. Classification of fungi: Classification according to G. C. Ainsworth 1966, and C. J. Alexopoulos & C. W. Mims1986.

5. General characteristics of the following fungal classes and study of the somatic and reproductive features of the genera mentioned against each class: 

 a) Chytridiomycetes: Olpidium, Synchytrium;
b) Oomycetes: Saprolegnia, Phytophthora and Albugo;
c) Zygomycetes: Mucor, Rhizopus;
d) Ascomycetes: Ascobolus, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Erysiphe, Claviceps, Neurospora.
e) Basidiomycetes: Puccinia, Ustilago, Agaricus, Polyporus.
f) Deuteromycetes: Candida, Alternaria, Cercospora, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Colletotrichum.

6. Role of fungi as: Saprophytes, plant parasites, mycorrhizae as plant symbionts, poisonous and edible mushrooms, in bread and brewer industry and producers of important metabolites.

7. Lichen: Habitats, habit, morphology, classification, anatomy, reproduction and importance.

Books Recommended

1. Ainsworth, G. C. 1996: A general purpose classification of fungi. Bibliography of systematic Mycology, pp 1-4, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, London.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., C.W. Mims and M. Blackwell. 1996: Introductory Mycology (4th ed.), Wiley, Eastern Ltd., Calcutta, India.
3. Hawker, Lilian, E. 1967: Fungi, Hutchinson Univ. Library, Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
4. Moore-Landecker, Elizabath. 1982: Fundamentals of the Fungi. Prentice-Hall. Inc., New Jersey, USA.
5. Webster, J. 1980: Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press, London, UK.

Botany Syllabus National University

Phycology

1. Introduction: Definition, history and scope of Phycology.

2. Algal Habitat: Aquatic (fresh, brackish and marine water) terrestrial and sub-aerial.

3. Classification of algae: Bases of classification (pigments, reserve foods, chloroplasts and flagella) classification up to Class according to F.E. Fritsch (1946) and R.R. Lee (1989). General characteristics of the different groups of algae.
4. Pigment and Reserve Food: Pigments and reserve food materials in major divisions of Algae.
5. Plastid: Types of chloroplasts of algae and their distribution.
6. Morphology: Range of vegetative structure of algae.
7. Reproduction: Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction and perennation in algae.
8. General characteristics, classification up to order and reproduction of the following classes and the study of life history of the genera mentioned against each class:

1. Cyanophyceae: Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Anabaena and Gloeotrichia;
2. Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox , Oedogonium and Fritschiella;
3. Charophyceae: Chara;
4. Euglenophyceae: Euglena;
5. Bacillariophyceae: Navicula and Chaetoceros;
6. Phaeophyceae: Ectocarpus and Sargassum;
7. Rhodophyceae: Polysiphonia and Gelidium;
8. Cryptophyceae: Cryptomonas;
9. Xanthophyceae: Vaucheria.

9. Growth pattern and nutrition in algae.
10. Origin and evolutionary trends in algae.
11. Phytoplankton: Definition and general characteristics, floating mechanisms, classification, ecological and biological importance, general composition of fresh and marine water phytoplankton.
12. Importance: Economic and biological importance of freshwater and marine algae including nitrogen economy of nature.

Books Recommended

1. Bold H.C. and M.J. Wynne. 1978: Introduction to the Algae. Prentice Hall, India.
2. Chapman, V.J. and D.J. Chapman. 1973: The Algae. Macmillan, London.
3. Fritsch, F.E. 1946: The Structure and Reproduction in Algae. Vol. 1 & 2, Cambridge Univ. Press.
4. Lee, R.R. 1989: Phycology. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
5. Prescott, G.W. 1968: The Algae: A Review. Thomas Nelson, London.
6. Round F.E. 1973: The Biology of Algae. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
7. Round, F.E. 1981: The Ecology of Algae, Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
8. Smith, G.W. 1950: The Fresh Water Algae of the United States. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York.
9. Van dam Hoek, C.D.G. Mann and H.M. Johns. 1996: Algae: An Introduction to Phycology, Cambridge Univ. Press.

Botany Syllabus National University

Practical-I (Microbiology, Mycology & Phycology)

Microbiology: 25 Marks

1. Handling and use of bright field compound microscope.
2. Microscopic observation of curd and nodule bacteria.
3. Staining and observation of bacteria by simple staining and Gram staining technique.
4. Observation of bacterial and actinomycetous colonies.
5. Demonstration of bacterial colonies by potato culture technique.
6. Study of viral plant disease symptoms e.g. tobacco mosaic and bean mosaic, Acalyphya mosaic etc.
7. Demonstration of microbial products e.g. yoghurt, cheese and antibiotic.

Mycology: 25 Marks

1. Techniques for preparing temporary slides of fungal specimens for microscopic examination.
2. Preparation of lactophenol and cotton blue
3. Laboratory study of the following fungi:
Synchytrium, Albugo, Rhizopus, Mucor, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Ascobolus, Puccinia, Agaricus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Collectotrichum, Cercospora, Polyporus
4. Study of lichen (crustose, foliose and fruticose)
5. Demonstration of fungal products e.g. bread, alcohol, citric acid and yeast grain.

Phycology: 25 Marks

1. Preparation of fixatives used in algal preservation
2. Collection and preservation of algae from various habitats.
3. Study of the genera covered in the theory with emphasis on both vegetative and reproductive structures.
4. Study of planktonic, benthic, terrestrial, sub-aerial, epiphytic, epizoic, marine and brackish water algae.
5. Local excursion.

Instruction to the Examiners
Subject Code: Subject Title: Microbiology, Mycology & Phycology

Time: 6 hours Marks: 75

1. Specimen “A” will be a pure / potato culture of bacteria
Distribution of marks Marks

(i) Preparation of slide ————— 3.0
(ii) Neat labelled diagrams ————— 2.0
(iii) Description ————— 2.0
(iv) Comments ————— 1.0
Total 8.0

2. Specimen “B” will be curd / nodule
Distribution of marks Marks
(i) Preparation of slide ————— 3.0
(ii) Neat labelled diagrams ————— 2.0
(iii) Description ————— 2.0
(iv) Comments ————— 1.0
Total 8.0

3. Comment on C, D, E and F   (1.0 × 4 = 4.0)
C will be bacterial or actinomycetous colony or slide
D & E will be microbial products e.g. antibiotics, cheese, curd, root nodule
F will viral plant disease symptoms e.g. tobacco mosaic, bean mosaic, Acalypha mosaic etc.

Mycology

4. Specimen “G” and “H” Will be fungal specimens or fungal culture
Distribution of marks Marks
(i) Preparation of slide ————— 2.0
(ii) Neat labelled diagrams ————— 2.0
(iii) Identifying characters ————— 2.0
(iv) Identify genus with class ————— 1.0
Total 7.0 × 2 = 14.0

5. Specimen I, J, K and L will be samples of fungi and fungal products (bread, alcohol, citric acid and yeast grain).
Distribution of marks Marks
(i) Identifying characters ————— 1.0
(ii) Identification ————— 0.5
Total 1.5 × 4 = 6.0

Phycology

6. Specimen “M” will be a mixture of algae of different classes (Spirogyra and Hydrodictyon must not be given and students must have to present three genera from three different classes)
Distribution of marks Marks

(i) Preparation of slide ————— 1.0
(ii) Neat labelled diagrams ————— 2.0
(iii) Identifying characters ————— 2.0
(iv) Identify genus with class ————— 1.0
Total 6.0 × 3 = 18.0

7. Specimen N and O will be algal specimens or algal slides
Distribution of marks Marks
(i) Identifying characters ————— 1.5
(ii) Identification ————— 1.0
Total 1.5 × 2 = 3.0

8. Collection (Mycology & Phycology) ————— 6.0
9. Practical Note Book (Microbiology, Mycology& Phycology) ————— 8.0 

Botany Syllabus National University

Chemistry-I

1. Measurements and the Scientific Method: Measurements, units, SI units, reliability of measurements – precision and accuracy, rounding off, significant figures, significant figures in calculation, mean and median, errors, sources of errors.
2. Structure of atom: Atom, isotopes, Atomic masses, Mass spectroscopy, Atomic nucleus, Nuclear binding energy, Nuclear reactions –fission and Fusion reactions, Bohr atom model, Spectrum of atomic hydrogen, Dual nature of electron, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Quantum numbers, Atomic orbitals, Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Electronic configuration of atoms.
3. Periodic Table: Periodic law, Periodic table, Electronic configurations from the periodic table, Periodic properties of the elements such as ionization energies, Electron affinity, Electro negativity, Atomic/ionic radius along a period and down a group, Diagonal relationship
4. Chemical Bonds: Chemical bond, Types of chemical bonds – ionic, Covalent coordination, Metallic, Hydrogen, Polar and no polar covalent bonds, Lewis dot structure, Shapes of molecules, VSEPR theory, Valence bond theory, Hybridization, ó- and ð-bonding in compounds, Molecular orbital theory.
5. Oxidation and reduction: Redox reactions, Writing and balancing Redox reactions,
6. States of Matter: Comparison between solids, Liquids and gases, Changes of state, m.p. and b.p, phase transition, Phase diagram of water.
7. Gaseous and Their Properties: The gas laws , The perfect gas equation, the kinetic theory of

gases, Van der waals equations, Real gases, Graham’s laws of diffusion and Effusion.

1. Solutions: Solubility and intermolecular forces, Solubility product, types of concentration units,

Colligative properties of solutions, Henry’s law, Nernst distribution law.

1. Acids and Bases: Various concepts on acids and bases, Conjugate acids and bases, Neutralization reactions acid- base strength, pH, Acid-base titrations, Acid-base indicators, Acid-base properties of salts, The common ion effect, Buffer solutions, Hard and soft acids and bases.
2. Chemical Equilibrium: Reversible reactions and the equilibrium state, the equilibrium law, Reaction quotients and equilibrium constants, Calculations using Kc, Kp, Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria, The principle of Le Chatelier and Brown.
3. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons, Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, Alkanes, Alkenes, And Alkynes, Nomenclature of organic compounds-the IUPAC system natural gas, Petroleum, Petrochemicals.
4. Study of different classes of organic Compounds: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines and Amides.

Books recommended:

1. General Chemistry, D. D. Ebbing, Houghton Miffin Co.
2. Chemistry – The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, M. Siberberg. WCB /Mc Graw- Hill.
3. Introduction to Modern Inogranic Chemistry, S.Z. haider, Friends’ International.
4. Principles of physical chemistry, M. M. Huque and M. A Nawab, students’ publications.
5. Essentials of Physical chemistry, B.S Bahl, G.D Tuli and A Bahl, S. Chand & Co.Ltd.
6. Advanced Organic Chemistry, B.S. Bahl and A Bahl, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
7. A Level chemistry by C.W. Ramsden
8. Organic Chemistry: T Morrison and R.N Boyed,
9. Fundamental of Organic Chemistry by W Solomons

Botany Syllabus National University

Chemistry-I Practical

1. Preparation of FeSO4 _7H2O, Mohr’s salt and potash alum.
2. Separation and identification of four radicals from a mixture of anions and cations The cations are pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ , Al³⁺ , Fe²⁺ , Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺ Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ , and NH4 ⁺ , the anions are NO_3, CO32-, ^S2-, SO4^2-, Cl^– , Br and I⁺
3. Standardization of NaOH solution using standard oxalic acid solution,
4. Determination of Fe²⁺ using standard permanganate solution 5.

Iodometric determination of copper(II) using standard Na2SO3 solution.

6. Gravimetric determination of nickel as Ni(HDMG)2 complex 7.

Determination of the enthalpy change for the decomposition sodium dicarbonate into sodium carbonate.

1. Determination of the pH- neutralization curves of a strong acid by a strong base.
2. Investigation of the conductance behaviour of electrolytic solution and applications (acetic acid)
3. Determination of the presence of nitrogen, halogen and sulphur in organic compounds.
4. Identification of the functional groups (unsaturation, alcohol, phenol, carbonyl, aldehlyde, ketone, 

carboxylic acid, aromatic amine, amide and nitro- groups) in organic compound.

Books Recommended:

1. A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, A.I. Vogel, 3^rd/4^th edition, ELBS and Longman Green & Co. Ltd.

2. A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, A.I. Vogel 3rd /4^th edition, ELBS and Longman Green & Co. Ltd.

3. Practical physical chemistry, A Faraday.

4. A Text Book of practical organic chemistry, A.I. Vogel, ELBS edition.

Zoology –I

Group-A: Introduction to Zoology: Protozoa and non-chordates

Introduction to Zoology: Definition and scope of zoology. Foundation of animal life: Level of organization (protoplasmic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, individual, population, community, fauna, biota, ecosystem, biosphere, biodiversity. Cells: Cell and cell theory, structure and functions of cell organelles. Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis; placentation. Classification of animals: Animal kingdoms; classification up to phyla on the basis of organization, symmetry, coelom and phylogeny; different taxa and Linnean hierarchy and nomenclature.

Protozoa and non-chordates: General characteristics of the following protozoa and non-chordates phyla with examples – Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematomorpha, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Priapulida, Supuncula, Pogonophora, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa/Ectoprocta,

General and diagnostic characteristics of the following phyla with examples – Sarcomastigophora, Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca.

Type study of the following with their systematic position, habitats, external morphology, organ systems such as digestion, movement, circulation, respiration, excretion, nervous, and reproduction; food and feeding habits, mode of life and development –

1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora: Euglena
2. Phylum Apicomplexa: Eimeria
3. Phylum Ciliophora: Paramecium
4. Phylum Porifera: Scypha
5. Phylum Cnidaria: Obelia
6. Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris
7. Phylum Mollusca: Pila
8. Phylum Arthropoda: Prawn
9. Phylum Echinodermata: Astropecten
10. Phylum Hemichordata: Balanoglossus.

Group-B: Human Physiology and Applied Zoology

Human Physiology: Outline of the physiology of digestion, blood circulation, respiration, excretion and reproduction; endocrine glands and their functions; vitamins and vitamin deficiency diseases.

Applied Zoology: Introduction to the major fields of applied zoology: Entomology, Fisheries Biology, Wildlife Biology, and Parasitology. Agricultural pests: Major pests of rice, jute, sugarcane and stored grains. Integrated fish farming: Types, poultry, livestock and paddy-cum-fish culture. Poultry farming: System of poultry farming, diseases of poultry and their control, economic importance of poultry and their impacts on socio-economic condition of Bangladesh.

Botany Syllabus National University

Zoology Practical-I

1. Study of museum specimens: Representative of all major non-chordate phyla (minimum 20 specimens to be studied).

2. Study of permanent slides: Whole mount, body parts and various cells and invertebrate

tissues (at least 10 slides to be studied)

1. Whole animals – representatives of protozoans, rotifers and arthropods.
2. Mouth parts of arthropods.
3. Parasites – nematodes and platyhelminths.
4. Different larval forms of invertebrates.
5. Histological slides of invertebrates.

3. Preparation and study of whole mounts of different non-chordates.

4. External morphology and dissection of various organ systems of earthworm, cockroach, prawn, Pila and Lam ellidens.

1. Digestive system of prawn, Pila and Lamellidens.
2. Nervous system of cockroach, grasshopper, prawn, Pila and Lamellidens.
3. Temporary mounting –
4. Brain of earthworm.
5. Salivary gland of cockroach.
6. Statocyst of prawn.
7. Study of appendages of prawn.
8. Animal physiology –
9. Estimation of blood pressure and pulse rate.
10. Determination of blood group.
11. Class records.

Distribution of Marks for First Year Final Examination

1. Major dissection (dissection 8 + display 2 + drawing and labeling 3) = 13 marks.
2. Temporary mount (staining, mounting and display 3 + drawing and labeling 2) = 5 marks.
3. Spotting of museum specimens – 8 items (identification and classification 1 + diagnostic

characteristics 1) = 16 marks.

1. Invertebrate specimens (4 items) 2 × 4 = 8 marks.
2. Whole mount slides (mouth parts, parasites, larvae) (2 items) 2 × 2 = 4 marks.
3. Histological slides (2 items) 2 × 2 = 4 marks.
4. Appendages (detachment, placement and drawing on a paper sheet 3, labeling 2, displaying 1) = 6 marks.
5. Class records = 10 marks.

Books Recommended:

1. C.P. Hickman and L.S Roberts. 1995. Animal Diversity Wm.C. Brown
2. L.S. Dillon. 1976. Animal Variety: An Evolutionary Account: Wm C. brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iwoa.
3. J.D. Bernal. 1969. The Origin of Life. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
4. E.E. Ruppert and R.D. Barnes. 1994. Invertebrate Zoology (6^th edition). Saunders College Publishing-harcourt Brace College Publishers, New York, London
5. C.P. Hickman. Integrated Principles of Zoology, C.V. Morsby Co. Inc., New York A.J. Marshal and W.D. Williams. Text Book of Zoollogy Invertebrates, (edited the 7th edition of Text Book of Zoology, Vol. I,T.J. Parker and W.A. Haswell)
6. N.J. Reigle. A Synoptic Introduction to the Animal Kingdom.
7. E.O. Wilson, T, Eisner and W.R. Brigges, Life: Cells, Organisms Populations. C.C. Chatterjee Human Physiology Vols. I & II
8. W.H. Davson . A Text Book of General Physiology
9. G.L. Presser and P.A. Brown Comparative Animal Physiology
10. B.I. balinsky. An Introduction of Embryology
11. D. Dent. Insect Pest Management. Chapman and Hall, London.
12. P. Southgalte and J. Lucas (eds), 1998. Aquaculture Fish and Shellfish Farming Fishing News.
13. M. King. 1995. Fisheries Biology Assessment and Management. Blackwell Science.
14. C.G. Scalet. L.D. Flake and D.W. Willis. 1996. Introduction to Wildlife and Fisheries: An Integrated Approach. W.H. Freeman.
15. TVR. Pillay. 1993. Aquaculture: Principles and Practices. Fishing News Books.
16. L.P. Pedigo. Entomology and Pest Management.
17. R.Wall and D. Shearer, 1997. Vetenerary Entomology. Chapman & Hall
18. V.G. Jingran and R.S.V. Pull in 1985. A Hatchery Manual for the Common, Chinese and Indian Major Carps. ADB/ICLARM

Botany Syllabus National University

History of the Emergence of Independent Bangladesh

স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের অভ্যুদয়ের ইতিহাস

ভূমিকা: স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের অভ্যুদয়ের ইতিহাস-পরিধি ও পরিচিতি
১। দেশ ও জনগোষ্ঠির পরিচয়
ক) ভূ প্রকৃতির বৈশিষ্ট্য ও প্রভাব
খ) নৃতাত্তি¡ক গঠন
গ) ভাষা
ঘ) সংস্কৃতির সমন্বয়বাদিতা ও ধর্মীয় সহনশীলতা
ঙ) অভিন্ন বাংলার পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে তৎকালীন পূর্ববঙ্গ ও বর্তমান বাংলাদেশের স্বকীয় সত্তা
২। অখন্ড স্বাধীন বাংলা রাষ্ট্র গঠনের প্রয়াস ও উপমহাদেশের বিভক্তি, ১৯৪৭
ক) ঔপনিবেশিক শাসন আমলে সা¤প্রদায়িকতার উদ্ভব ও বিস্তার
খ) লাহোর প্রস্তাব, ১৯৪০
গ) অখন্ড স্বাধীন বাংলা রাষ্ট্র গঠনের উদ্যোগ, ১৯৪৭ ও পরিণতি
ঘ) পাকিস্তান সৃষ্টি, ১৯৪৭

৩। পাকিস্তান: রাষ্ট্রীয় কাঠামো ও বৈষম্য

ক) কেন্দ্রীয় ও প্রাদেশিক কাঠামো

খ) সামরিক ও বেসামরিক আমলাতন্ত্রের প্রভাব

গ) অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক বৈষম্য

৪। ভাষা আন্দোলন ও বাঙালির আত্মপরিচয় প্রতিষ্ঠা

ক) মুসলিম লীগের শাসন ও গণতান্ত্রিক রাজনীতির সংগ্রাম

খ) আওয়ামী লীগের প্রতিষ্ঠা, ১৯৪৯

গ) ভাষা আন্দোলন: পটভূমি ও ঘটনা প্রবাহ

ঘ) হক-ভাসানী-সোহরাওয়ার্দীর যুক্তফ্রন্ট, ১৯৫৪ সালের নির্বাচন ও পরিণতি

৫। সামরিক শাসন: আইয়ুব খান ও ইয়াহিয়া খানের শাসনামল (১৯৫৮-৭১)

ক) সামরিক শাসনের সংজ্ঞা ও বৈশিষ্ট্য

খ) আইয়ুব খানের ক্ষমতা দখল ও শাসনের বৈশিষ্ট্য (রাজনৈতিক নিপীড়ন, মৌলিক গণতন্ত্র, ধর্মের

রাজনৈতিক ব্যবহার)

গ) আইয়ুব খানের পতন ও ইয়াহিয়া খানের শাসন, এক ইউনিট বিলুপ্তিকরণ, সার্বজনীন ভোটাধিকার, এলএফও (খবমধষ ঋৎধসবড়িৎশ ঙৎফবৎ)

৬। জাতীয়তাবাদের বিকাশ ও স্বাধিকার আন্দোলন

ক) সাংস্কৃতিক আগ্রাসনের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিরোধ ও বাঙালি সংস্কৃতির উজ্জীবন

খ) শেখ মুজিবুর রহমানের ৬-দফা আন্দোলন

গ) ৬-দফা আন্দোলনের প্রতিক্রিয়া, গুরুত্ব ও তাৎপর্য

ঘ) আগরতলা মামলা, ১৯৬৮

৭। ১৯৬৯-এর গণঅভ্যুত্থান ও ১১-দফা আন্দোলন

ক) পটভূমি

খ) আন্দোলনের কর্মসূচী, গুরুত্ব ও পরিণতি

৮। ১৯৭০ এর নির্বাচন, অসহযোগ আন্দোলন ও বঙ্গবন্ধুর স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা

ক) নির্বাচনের ফলাফল এবং তা মেনে নিতে কেন্দ্রের অস্বীকৃতি

খ) অসহযোগ আন্দোলন, বঙ্গবন্ধুর ৭ই মার্চের ভাষণ, অপারেশন সার্চলাইট

গ) বঙ্গবন্ধুর স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা ও গ্রেফতার

৯। মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ১৯৭১

ক) গণহত্যা, নারী নির্যাতন, শরণার্থী

খ) বাংলাদেশ সরকার গঠন ও স্বাধীনতার ঘোষণাপত্র

গ) স্বত:স্ফ‚র্ত প্রাথমিক প্রতিরোধ ও সংগঠিত প্রতিরোধ (মুক্তিফৌজ, মুক্তিবাহিনী, গেরিলা ও সম্মুখ যুদ্ধ)

ঘ) মুক্তিযুদ্ধে প্রচার মাধ্যম (স্বাধীন বাংলা বেতার কেন্দ্র, বিদেশী প্রচার মাধ্যম ও জনমত গঠন)

ঙ) ছাত্র, নারী ও সাধারণ মানুষের অবদান (গণযুদ্ধ)

চ) মুক্তিযুদ্ধে বৃহৎশক্তি ও মুসলিম রাষ্ট্র সমূহের ভূমিকা

ছ) দখলদার বাহিনী, শান্তিকমিটি, আলবদর, আলশামস, রাজাকার বাহিনী, রাজনৈতিক দল ও দেশীয়

অন্যান্য সহযোগীদের স্বাধীনতাবিরোধী কর্মকান্ড ও বুদ্ধিজীবী হত্যা

জ) পাকিস্তানে বন্দি অবস্থায় বঙ্গবন্ধুর বিচার ও বিশ্বপ্রতিক্রিয়া

ঝ) প্রবাসী বাঙালি ও বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন দেশের নাগরিক সমাজের ভূমিকা

ঞ) মুক্তিযুদ্ধে ভারতের অবদান

ট) যৌথ বাহিনী গঠন ও বিজয়

ঠ) স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামে বঙ্গবন্ধুর নেতৃত্ব এবং অবদান

১০। বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমানের শাসনকাল, ১৯৭২-১৯৭৫

ক) স্বদেশ প্রত্যাবর্তন

খ) সংবিধান প্রণয়ন

গ) যুদ্ধ বিধ্বস্ত দেশ পুনর্গঠন

ঘ) সপরিবারে বঙ্গবন্ধু হত্যা ও আদর্শিক পটপরিবর্তন

History of the Emergence of Independent Bangladesh(English Version)

Introduction: Scope and description of the emergence of Independent Bangladesh.

1. Description of the country and its people.
2. Geographical features and their influence.
3. Ethnic composition.
4. Language.
5. Cultural syncretism and religious tolerance.
6. Distinctive identity of Bangladesh in the context of undivided Bangladesh.
7. Proposal for undivided sovereign Bengal and the partition of the Sub Continent, 1947.
8. Rise of communalism under the colonial rule,
9. Lahore Resolution 1940.
10. The proposal of Suhrawardi and Sarat Bose for undivided Bengal : consequences
11. The creation of Pakistan 1947.
12. Pakistan: Structure of the state and disparity.
13. Central and provincial structure.
14. Influence of Military and Civil bureaucracy.

C. Economic, social and cultural disparity

1. Language Movement and quest for Bengali identity
2. Misrule by Muslim League and Struggle for democratic politics.
3. Foundation of Awami league, 1949
4. The Language Movement: context and phases.
5. United front of Haque – Vasani – Suhrawardi: election of 1954, consequences.
6. Military rule: the regimes of Ayub Khan and Yahia Khan (1958-1971)
7. Definition of military rules and its characteristics.
8. Ayub Khan’s rise to power and characteristics of his rule (Political repression, Basic democracy, Islamisation)
9. Fall of Ayub Khan and Yahia Khan’s rule (Abolition of one unit, universal suffrage, the Legal Framework Order)
10. Rise of nationalism and the Movement for self determination.

a. Resistance against cultura l aggression and resurgence of Bengali culture.

b. The six point movement of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

c. Reactions; Importance and significance of the six Point movement.

d. The Agortola Case1968.

1. The mass-upsurge of 1969 and 11 point movement:
   1. background
   2. programme significance and consequences.
2. Election of 1970 Non-cooperation movement of March 1971 and the Declaration of Independence by Bangobondhu
3. Election result and centres refusal to comply
4. The non co-operation movement, the 7^th March Address of Bangobondhu, Operation Searchlight
5. Declaration of Independence by Bangobondhu and his arrest
6. The war of Liberation 1971
7. Genocide, repression of women, refugees
8. Formation of Bangladesh government and proclamation of Independence
9. The spontaneous early resistance and subsequent organized resistance (Mukti

Fouz, Mukti Bahini, guerillas and the frontal warfare)

1. Publicity Campaign in the war of Liberation (Shadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, the

Campaigns abroad and formation of public opinion)

1. Contribution of students, women and the masses (Peoples war)
2. The role of super powers and the Muslim states in the Liberation war.
3. The Anti-liberation activities of the occupation army, the Peace Committee, Al- Badar, Al- Shams, Rajakars, pro Pakistan political parties and Pakistani Collaborators, killing of the intellectuals.
4. Trial of Bangabondhu and reaction of the World Community.
5. The contribution of India in the Liberation War
6. Formation of joint command and the Victory
7. The overall contribution of Bangabondhu and his leadership in the Independence struggle.

10. The Bangabondhu Regime 1972-1975

1. Homecoming
2. Making of the constitution
3. Reconstruction of the war ravaged country
4. The murder of Bangabondhu and his family and the ideological turn-around.
5. সহায়ক গ্রন্থ
6. ১. নীহার রঞ্জন রায়, বাঙালীর ইতিহাস, দে’ জ পাবলিশিং, কলকাতা ১৪০২ সাল।
7. ২. সালাহ্ উদ্দিন আহমেদ ও অন্যান্য (সম্পাদিত), বাংলাদেশের মুক্তি সংগ্রামের ইতিহাস ১৯৪৭-১৯৭১, আগামী প্রকাশনী, ঢাকা ২০০২।
8. ৩. সিরাজুল ইসলাম (সম্পাদিত), বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস ১৭০৪-১৯৭১, ৩ খন্ড, এশিয়াটিক সোসাইটি অব বাংলাদেশ, ঢাকা ১৯৯২।
9. ৪. ড. হারুন-অর-রশিদ, বাংলাদেশ: রাজনীতি, সরকার ও শাসনতান্ত্রিক উন্নয়ন ১৭৫৭-২০০০, নিউ এজ পাবলিকেশন্স, ঢাকা

Botany Syllabus National University

Botany SECOND YEAR

Higher Cryptogams

1. Bryophyta (Marks 50)
2. Introduction: General characters and classification of Bryophyta; range of structures in relation to habit, habitat and distribution; alternation of generations in Bryophyta.
3. Habit, habitat, distribution, external and internal features, growth, reproduction, spore dispersal mechanism, ecology, importance and phylogeny of the following groups:
4. Hepaticeae, (ii) Anthocerotae and (iii) Musci
5. Life history of the following:
6. Sphaerocarpales- Sphaerocarpus
7. Marchantiales- Riccia and Marchantia
8. Jungermanniales- Pelia and Porella
9. Anthocerotales-Anthoceros
10. Sphagnobrya- Sphagnum
11. Fossil bryophytes.
12. Origin and evolution of Bryophyta.
13. Pteridophyta (Marks 50)
14. Introduction: General characters and classification of Pteridophyta.
15. Origin and evolution of Pteridophyta.
16. Types of stele and their evolution.
17. Habit, habitat, distribution, external and internal features, reproduction, ecological and economic importance and phylogeny of the following groups:
18. Psilophyta: Psilotales
19. Lepidophyta: Lycopodiales and Selaginellales (with reference to heterospory and seed habit)
20. Calamophyta: Equisetales
21. Pterophyta: (a) Definition of Eu- and Leptosporangiatae and development of Eu- and Leptosporangiate sporangia; (b) Eusporangiatae: Ophioglossales; (c) Leptosporangiatae: (i) Filicales- Osmundaceae, Polypodiaceae and Parkeriaceae, (ii) Marsileales and (iii) Salviniales.
22. Life history of the following:
23. Psilopsida- Psilotum
24. Eligulopsida- Lycopodium and Selaginella
25. Calamopsida- Equisetum
26. Eusporangiopsida- Ophioglossum
27. Protoleptosporangiopsida-Osmunda
28. Leptosporangiopsida- Pteris, Marsilea and Azolla
29. Spore dispersal mechanisms in Pteridophyta.

Books Recommended

1. Bapna, K.R. and P. Kachroo. 2000. Hepaticology in India-I & II. Himangshu Publications, Udaipur, Delhi.
2. Emes, A.J. 1964. Morphology of vascular plants. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., Bombay
3. Parihar, N.S. 1956. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I, & II Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
4. Rashid, A. 1976. An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing Hosue Pvt. Ltd. 576 Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi.
5. Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. I & II. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. New York, London.
6. Vashista, P.C. 1993. Botany for Degree Students: Pteridophyta, S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ramnagar, New Delhi.
7. Watson, E.V. 1974. The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications. Bombay-Calcutta-Delhi-Madras. 

Botany Syllabus National University

Taxonomy of Angiosperms

1. Introduction: Definition, scope, basic components, principles and units of classification, taxonomic hierarchy, aims and objectives of plant taxonomy.
2. Development of plant classification: Pre-Darwinian and Post Darwinian classification, comparison among the contemporary systems of classifications.
3. Origin and evolution of Angiosperms: Origin and phylogeny of Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida.
4. Nomenclature and ICBN’s: Binomial system of nomenclature; historical background of ICBN; principles of ICBN; rules, regulations and recommendations of ICBN; major provisions of ICBN and their codes; exception of rules of ICBN.
5. Herbarium: Herbarium and its importance, field and herbarium techniques, National herbarium of Bangladesh and important herbaria of the world.
6. Concept of taxonomic characters: Good and bad characters, exomorphic and endomorphic characters, taxonomic and diagnostic characters.
7. Chemotaxonomy: Primary and secondary metabolites, semantides in taxonomy.
8. Cytotaxonomy: Chromosomal characters used in taxonomy and their significance.
9. Numerical Taxonomy: Principles, analysis and construction of dendrogram.
10. Ecotype concept and biosystematics categories.
11. Identifying characters and phylogeny of the following families and scientific names of five important plants of each family:

(a) Magnoliopsida (Dicots): Magnoliaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Tiliaceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Moraceae Cucurbitaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae and Asteraceae.

(b) Liliopsida (Monocots): Typhaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Orchidaceae.

Books Recommended

1. Cronquist, A. 1968: The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Houghton, Miflin Co. Mass, USA.
2. Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood. 1963: Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver Boyd, Edinburgh & London.
3. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951: Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Co. New York.
4. Radford, A. E. 1974: Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper & Row Publisher, New York.
5. Stace, C. A. 1989: Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd ed.). Edward Arnold, London.
6. G. Singh 2004. Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice (2^nd ed.) Oxford &IBH Pub.Co. New Delhi 

Botany Syllabus National University

Plant Anatomy and Embryology

A. Plant Anatomy (Marks 50)

1. Cell and Cell wall: Different types of cell; chemical and physical nature, origin, structure and function of cell wall.
2. Meristematic tissues: Origin, classification and differentiation; theories related to differentiation of apical meristem; apical cell theory and Tunica-corpus theory, modification of Tunica-corpus concept.
3. Permanent tissue: Structure and function of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma; secretory and excretory tissues- glandular and laticiferous.
4. Vascular tissue system and their functions.
5. Primary structure of stem, root and leaf.
6. Normal secondary growth in dicot stem and root: Formation of annual rings, heart wood, sap wood and formation of periderm.
7. Anomalous secondary growth: Introduction, anomalous secondary growth in the stem of Boerhaavia, Amaranthus and Dracaena.
8. Root-stem transition in plants.
9. Stomata: Origin, development, types, structure and functions.
10. Wood anatomy: Physical and chemical nature of wood, internal structure of wood.

Books Recommended

1. Cutter, E.G. 1969: Plant Anatomy. Part I & II. Edward Arnold Pub., UK.
2. Eames, A. J. and L. H. MacDaniels. 1947: An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. McGraw Hill Pub. Co., New York.
3. Esau, K. 1953: Plant Anatomy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
4. Fahn, A. 1969: Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press.
5. Pandey, B.P 1989. Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Foster, A.S. 1949. Practical Anatomy. (2^nd ed.). Van Nostrand Company, New York.

B. Embryology (Marks 50)

1. Introduction: Definition, historical background of Embryology.
2. Microsporangium, microsporogenesis and formation of male gametophyte.
3. Megasporangium, megasporogenesis and formation of female gametophyte.
4. Embryo sac: Types and development.
5. Pollination and fertilization process and formation of seed.
6. Endosperm: Definition and types; formation of endosperm- free nuclear, cellular and helobial endosperm.
7. Embryogenesis: Definition, development of dicot and monocot embryos, polyembryony and its importance.
8. Apomixis: Causes, types and significance of apomixis.
9. Embryology in relation to taxonomy.
10. Experimental embryology: Control of fertilization, embryo culture, induced parthenogenesis, production of adventive embryos and induced parthenocarpy.

Books Recommended

1. Maheswari, P. 1950: An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. Bombay, New Delhi.

Botany Syllabus National University

Practical-II (Higher Cryptogams, Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Plant Anatomy & Embryology)

N.B. Practical examination will be carried out in two days with 6 hours duration each under the same Paper code.

Part I: (Marks 50, Credit 2)

(Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Plant Anatomy)

1. Bryophyta: 15 Marks
2. The following members to be studied and identified up to genus:

(i) Riccia, (ii) Dumortiera, (iii) Plagiochasma, (iv) Marchantia, (v) Lejunea and (vi) Anthoceros.

1. The following members will be demonstrated in the practical class. The students are required to be acquainted with these members:

(i) Riccia fluitans, (ii) Ricciocarpus natans, (iii) Sphagnum, (iv) Physcomitrium, (v) Fissidens, (vi) Taxithelium

B. Pteridophyta: 15 Marks

1. The following members are to be studied and identified up to the genus:
2. Lycopodium, (ii) Selaginella, (iii) Equisetum, (iv) Nephrodium, (v) Pteris, (vi) Lygodium, (vii) Marsilea, (viii) Azolla and (iv) Ceratopteris.

2. The following members are to be demonstrated in the practical classes:

(i) Psilotum, (ii) Isoetes, (iii) Salvinia, (iv) Drynaria and (v) Niphobolus.

C. Anatomy: 12 Marks

1. Preparation of stains: Safranin and fast green, dehydrating agents- alcohol, clearing agents- xylol and clove oil.
2. Maceration technique and study of different cell types.
3. Transverse and longitudinal sections of Helianthus, Cucurbita and Canna stem.
4. Study of primary structure of stem, root and leaf.
5. Secondary growth: Jute, Amaranthas, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia and Dracaena.
6. Wood anatomy: Transverse, radial and tangential sections of Tectona, Shorea, Artocarpus, Magnolia, Michelia, Mangifera.
7. Preparation of permanent slides (double staining) with free hand sections.

Collections (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta) and permanent slides of Anatomy: 3 Marks

Practical Note Book 5 Marks

Part II: (Marks 50, Credit 2)

(Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Embryology)

Taxonomy of Angiosperms: 30 Marks

1. Study of morphological features and use of taxonomic terms of plant parts, inflorescence and flowers.
2. Study and identification of angiosperms up to families with the help of a suitable key of the locally available specimens included in the syllabus.
3. Collection and preparation of herbarium specimens of at least 50 species from different areas of Bangladesh.
4. Local excursion: Preparation of field note book and excursion report.

Embryology: 7 Marks

1. Morphological and anatomical study of various types of ovule and anther.
2. Germination of pollen grain and development of pollen tube.
3. Study of embryo-sac using available materials.

Collections: 4 Marks

Field Note Book and Excursion Report: 4 Marks

Practical Note Book: 5 Marks

Instruction to the Examiners

Part I (Higher Cryptogams and Anatomy)

Time: 6 hours Marks: 50

1. Specimen A & B will be members of Bryophyta (these should be from different class)

1. Specimen C & D will be members of Pteridophyta (non-fern and fern)

1. Specimen / slide will have to be given for identification from Bryophyta and Pteridophyta:

E and F (Bryophyta), G and H (Pteridophyta)

Identifying characters: 1.0

Identification: 0.5

Total 1.5×4= 6.0

1. Specimen I will be a stem / root of angiospermic plant with secondary growth (normal/ anomalous).

1. Specimens /slides / models will be given for identification from the primary structure of stem, root, leaf and wood.

Specimen J, K, L and M

Identifying characters: 1.0

Identification: 0.5

Total 1.5×4= 6.0

1. Collection (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and permanent slides of Plant Anatomy): 3.0
2. Practical Note Book: 5.0

Part II (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Embryology)

Time: 6 hours Marks: 50

1. Specimen A will be angiospermic plants with flowers for identification up to family.

2. Specimen B will be angiospermic plants with flowers for identification up to genus.

3. Specimen C, D, E, F, G & H should be selected from common available flowering plants of the locality for spotting. Students will write only their scientific names.

Scientific name: 1.0×6= 6.0

4. Specimen I & J should be special morphological features of plant parts/inflorescence/ flowers.

Identifying characters: 1.5

Identification: 0.5

Total 2.0×2= 4.0

5. Specimen K will be embryologic material (anther, ovary)

6. Specimen L and M will be spotting material of Embryology.

Identifying characters: 1.0

Identification: 0.5

Total 1.5×2=3.0

7. Collections: 4.0

8. Field Note Book and Excursion Report: 4.0

9. Practical Note Book: 5.0

Botany Syllabus National University

General Chemistry – II

1. Nonmetals: General properties of nonmetals, ortho and para hydrogen molecules, allotropy of carbon, catenation, halogens and their basic properties, chemistry of noble gases.
2. Metals: Metallic bond, electron sea theory of metallic bond, characteristics of metals, band theory of conductivity, conductors, semiconductors and insulators, transition metals and inner transition metals colour and magnetism in transition metal chemistry.
3. Energy changes in chemical Reactions: System and surroundings, open system and closed system, thermodynamics, state functions, the first law of thermodynamics, the concept of internal energy and enthalpy, measurement of enthalpy changes, enthalpy of formation, Hess’s law, lattice enthalpy, Born-Haber cycle, second law of thermodynamics, entropy and free energy.
4. Rates of chemical Reactions: Reaction rate, rate constant, rate law, order of reactions, first order reaction, half life, order and molecularity, effect of temperature on the rate of reaction, collision theory and reaction rates, activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
5. Electrochemistry: Redox reactions, electrolytic and galvanic cells, cell notation, standard reduction potentials, emf of cells, the effect of concentration of cell emf, batteries, corrosion.
6. Catalysis: Catalyst, homogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, auto catalysis.
7. Solids: Properties of solids, crystalline and amorphous solids, distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids, isomorphism, polymorphism and allotropy, crystal lattice unit cell crystal systems Bragg’s law.
8. Coordination Chemistry: Coordination compounds, ligands, coordination number, nomenclature, structures of complex compounds, Werner’s primary and secondary valency concept, sidwick’s electronic concept, valence bond theory, stability of coordination compounds.
9. Aromatic Compounds: Aromaticity aromaticity of benzene, Electrophillic aromatic substitution reactions with reference to nitration halogention, sulphonation and alkylation. Heterocyclic compounds: Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine.
10. Organic reactions: Brief study on Electrophilic addition, Nucleophilic addition, Elimination reaction, condensation reaction, oxidation, and reduction reactions and organic compounds. Mechanism and application of the following reactions, Friedel Craft reaction, Clemmenson reduction, Wolf Krishner reduction, Perkin reaction, Claisen reaction, Cannizzaro reaction and Aldol condensation.
11. Carbohydrates: Definition, classification, structure and reactions of monosacchanides. Polysaccharide-cellulose and strach.
12. Amino Acids: Structures classification, synthesis physical and chemical properties of amino acids.
13. Polymer Chemistry: Polymers homopolymer, heteropolymer, low density and high density polymer, copolymers, studies of some polymers- polyvinylchloride, nylon 66, silk and wool.

Books Recommended:

General Chemistry , D.D. Ebbing Houghton Miffin Co.

Chemistry – The Moleceular Nature of Matter and Change, M. silberberg, WCB/ Mc Graw-Hill. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, S.Z. Haider, Friends International.

Selected Topics on Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, S. Z. Haider, Students’ publication

Modern Inorganic Chemistry, R.D. Madan, S. Chand & company Ltd.

Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry, W.U. Malik, G. D. Tuli and R.D. Madan, S. Chand & Company Ltd.

Organic Chemistry by T Morison and RN bayed

Fundamental of organic Chemistry by salomans

Organic Chemistry Vot I& II IL fair

Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton,G. Wilkinson, and P. L. Gaus, John willey & Sons. Principles of physical chemistry, M. M. Huque and M. A. Nawab, students’ publications.

Botany Syllabus National University

Environmental Chemistry

1. Environment: Introduction components of environment, factors affecting environment, environmental management, environment and health, environmental chemistry, segments of environment – atmosphere hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, structure of atmosphere.
2. Pollution and Pollutants: Pollution, environmental pollution, pollutant, classification of pollutants, types of pollution PCBS and their sources and hazards, Detection & estimation of PCBS. Biomultification.
3. Air Pollution: Introduction air quality, major sources of air pollution, gaseous pollutants, acid rain- how acid rain is formed, adverse effects of acid rain, greenhouse effect- how the greenhouse effect is produced, consequences of greenhouse effect and global warming EL Nino phenomenon and its effect, ozone depletion, mechanism of ozone depletion, effects of ozone depletion.
4. Water Pollution: Introduction, classification of water pollutants, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of wastewater, industrial wastewater treatment, municipal water treatment, water quality parameters and standards, measurements of important parameters such as PH, DO, BOD, COD and temperature for water quality assessments.
5. Soil Pollution: Composition of soil, importance of soil to the biosphere, sources of soil pollution, effects of soil pollution- synthetic fertilizer and pesticides, effects of industrial effluents, effects of urban wastes, control of soil pollution.
6. Heavy metals in the Environment: trace metals, light metals and heavy metals, deadly heavy metals, sources of heavy metals, biochemical effects, toxicity, toxicology, control and treatment of mercury, chromium, arsenic and lead.

Books Recommended:

1. Environmental Chemistry, B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House.
2. Environmental Chemistry, AK. De New Age International Publishers.
3. Environmental Chemistry, S.E. Manahan, CRC Press.
4. A Textbook of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control, S.S. Bara S. Chand & Company Ltd.

Botany Syllabus National University

Zoology -II

Group – A: Chordates: (50 Marks)

1. Broad classification of the following up to order with general and diagnostic characteristics of each taxonomic category with examples (preferably local) and affinities‑

Chondriththyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

1. Type study of the following with their systematic position, habitats, distribution, external morphology, anatomy including skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, reproductive and endocrine systems; food & feeding habits and mode of life –
2. Urachordata : Ascidia
3. Cephalochordata : Branchiostoma
4. Cephalaspimorpha: Petromyzon
5. Chondrichthyes : Scoliodon
6. Osteichthyes : Labeo rohita
7. Amphibia : Bufo/Rana
8. Reptilia : Hemidactylus
9. Aves : Columba livia
10. Mammalia : Cavia porcellus.

Group – B

Palaeontology, Zoogeography, Ecology, (50 Marks)

Genetics & Animal Breeding and Applied Zoology:

Palaeontology:

Geologocal time table; palaeontological history of Horse & Man.

Zoogeography:

Zoogeographical regions and sub-regions of the world: Nearctic Region, Ethiopean Region, Neotropical

Region-their boundaries, physical characteristics, climatic conditions, vegetation and fauna.

Ecology:

Marine ecology; Zonations and Animal Adaptation to Different Zonations; Concept of Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Concept and Classification of Resources; Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.

Animal Genetics & Animal Breeding:

Modification of Mendelian ratio with animal examples; multiple alleles and pseudoalleles; mutation; chromosomal inheritance of sex determination.

Applied Zoology :

1. Introduction to the major fields of Applied Zoology: Entomology, Fisheries, Wildlife Biology, Parasitology and others.
2. Agricultural Pests: Major Pests of Rice, Jute, Sugarcane & stored grain.
3. Integrated Fish Farming: Types; Poultry, Livestock and Paddy-cum -Fish Culture.

4. Poultry farming: System of poultry farming, diseases of poultry and their control, economic importance of poultry and their impacts on socio-economic condition of Bangladesh.

Books Recommended

1. D. Webster and M. Webster. 1974. Comparative Vertebrate Morphology, Academic Press New York.
2. I. Young. 1981. Life of Vertebrates. OUP, USA
3. K.V. Kardong. 1997. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution Wm. C. Brown
4. S. Stearus and R. Hoekstra. 2000. Evolution An Introduction OUP USA
5. A.J.Cain 1996. Animal Species and Their Evolution Princeton UP. USA
6. A.M. Davis. An introduction to palacontology
7. S. Bengtson. 1995 Early Life on Earth Columbia UP, USA
8. R.S. Lull. 1976. Organic Evolution Seema Publishing Delhi 11007
9. P.J. Darlington. 1998. Zoogeography. The Geographical Distribution of Animals. Krieger. USA
10. M. Begon J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology. Individuals Populations.
11. E.P. Odan Fundamentalsof Ecology. Saunders. Philadelphia
12. E.W. Sinnot. L.C. Dunn and Dobzhansky Principles of Genetics. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York
13. R.E. Weaver and P.W. Hedrick 1995. Basic Genetics Wm. C. Brown Publisher. Dubuque. lowa.
14. E. Mayr and P.D. Ashlock. 1997. Principles of Syatematic Zoology McGraw Hill
15. Kapoor. Taxonomy
16. Dennis S. Hill 1997. The economic importance of insects (1^st edition)Chapman and Half. London
17. D. Dent. Pest Management Chapman & Hall London
18. P.Southgate and J.Lucas (Editors), 1998. Aquaculture: Fish and Shellfish Farming Fishing News.
19. A Midlen and T.A. Reading 1998. Pollution Control and Environmental Management for Aquaculture. Chapman & hall
20. M.R. Ross. 1996. Fisheries Conservation and Management Prentice Hall
21. R.Wall and D. Shearer, 1997 Veternary Entomology Chapman & Hall
22. V.G. Jhingran and R.S.V. Pullin 1985. A Hatchery Manual for the Common Chinese and Indian Major Carps. ADB/ICLARM
23. T.V.R Pillay. 1993. AquaculturePrinciples and Practices Fishing News Books.
24. J.E. Bardach J.H. Ryther and W.O. McLarncy. 1972. Aquaculture The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms. John Wiley & Sons.
25. B. Groombridge (Editor). Global Biodiversity-status of the Earth’s Living Resources. Chapman and Hall London.
26. K.J. Gaston and J.I. Spicer. 1998 Biodiversity An Introduction Blackwell Science.
27. M. Jeffries. 1997. Biodiversity and Conservation. Routledge
28. O.S. Owen, Natural Resource Conservation. An Ecological Approach Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.
29. P. Wathern (Editor). 1990. Environmental Impact Assessment: Theory and Practice, Routledge.
30. P.S. Maitland and N.C. Morgan. 1997. Conservation Management of Freshwater Habitats: Lakes. Rivers and Wetlands. Chapman & Hall
31. S.M. Manton and M.E. Brown 1969. A Manual of Practical Vertebrate Morphology. Oxford Univ. Press, London
32. W.F Walker. 1980. Vertebrate Dissection. W.B. Saunders Co. London.

Botany Syllabus National University

Zoology Practical -II

1. Study of Museum Specimens: Representatives of Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata and all major classes of Vertebrata {5 (at least 1 specimen from each Protochordate Phylum) and (6 x 5) =30 from vertebrata} = 35 specimens to be studied)

2. Study of Permanent Slides: Whole mount of scales or body parts, histological slides of tissues and organs (at least 20 slides to be studied).

3. Study of Bones: Comparative study of the skeleton of an amphibian, reptile, a bird and a mammal.

4. Dissection: Dissection of the following Chordate Specimens‑

Bufo/ any Carp – Brain and Cranial Nerves.

Lata fish-Afferent and Efferent Blood Vessels

Lizard – Circulatory System.

5. Fresh Water Studies: Identification of plankton and benthic micro-fauna in fresh water samples.

Distribution of Marks for the Final Examination

1. Major dissection: One item (Chordate)(Dissection–6, display–2, drawing & labeling–3)

(1×11)= 11 Marks

1. Spotting of Museum Specimens : 9 items (9×2)= 18 Marks

i. Vertebrate Museum Specimen (5 items, only one from each Phylum/ Class) (Identification with classification 1mark + characters 1 mark) (5×2) =10 marks

1. Histological Slides (2 slides) (Identification 1mark + characters 1 mark) (2×2) = 04 marks
2. Bones (2 bones) (Identification 1mark + characters 1 mark) (2×2) = 04 marks
3. Fresh Water Studies: (3 specimens) (2 micro species of plankton and 1 benthos fauna to be shown – Identification 1 and characters 1 mark) 3x 2 = 06 Marks
4. Class Records: = 05 Marks
5. An extensive oral test will be taken during practical examination session: =10 Marks

Total = 50 Marks

Botany Syllabus National University

English (Compulsory)

Aims and objectives of this Paper:

To develop students’ English language skills, to enable them to benefit personally and professionally. The four skills ~ listening, speaking, reading and writing will be integrated to encourage better language use.

1. Reading and understanding 5×4=20

Students will be expected to read passages they might come across in their everyday life, such as newspapers, magazines, general books etc. Simple stories will also be included to give students a familiarity with different uses of the language.

[N.B. : 5 Questions are to be answered. Each question will carry 4 marks. There may be division in each question]

1. Understanding different purposes and types of readings
2. Guessing word-meaning in context.
3. Understanding long sentences
4. Recognizing main ideas and supporting ideas.
5. Answering comprehension questions.
6. Writing summaries.
7. Writing 40
8. Writing correct sentences, completing sentences and combining sentences. 5
9. Situational writing : Posters, notices, slogans, memos, advertisements etc. 4
10. Paragraph writing : Structure of a paragraph; topic sentences; developing ideas; writing a conclusion; types of paragraphs (narrative, descriptive, expository, persuasive); techniques of paragraph development (such as listing, cause and effect, comparison and contrast).

Or,

1. Newspaper writing : Reports, press releases dialogues etc.
2. Writing resumes. Or, 8
3. Writing letters : Formal and informal letters, letters to the editor, request letters, job applications, complaint letters etc.
4. Essay : Generating ideas; outlining; writing a thesis sentence; writing the essay: writing introductions, developing ideas, writing conclusions; revising and editing. 15
5. Grammar 25
6. Word order of sentences.
7. Framing questions.
8. Tenses, articles, subject-verb agreement, noun-pronoun agreement, verbs, phrasal verbs, conditionals, prepositions and prepositional phrases, infinitives, participles, gerunds. (Knowledge of grammar will be tested through contextualised passages).
9. Punctuation.
10. Developing vocabulary : Using the dictionary, suffixes, prefixes, synonyms, antonyms, changing

word forms (from verb to noun etc.) and using them in sentences. 10

5. Translation from Bengali to English : 1x 5=5

6. Speaking skills : Speaking skills should be integrated with writing and reading in classroom activities.

The English sound system; pronunciation skills; the IPA system; problem sounds, vowels, consonants and dipthongs; lexical and syntactic stress.

(Writing dialogue and practising it orally students can develop their speaking skill. Dialogue writing can be an item in writing test.)

Botany Syllabus National University

Botany THIRD YEAR

Gymnosperm, Palaeobotany and Palynology

 Gymnosperm and Palaeobotany (Marks 50)

Gymnosperm

1. Introduction: Habit, habitat, characteristic features, origin, evolution and importance of Gymnosperms.

2. Classification of Gymnosperms.
3. Comparative account of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes and Angiosperms.
4. Distribution of Gymnosperms with reference to Bangladesh and their economic importance.
5. Life history and comparative account of Cycas, Pinus and

Palaeobotany

1. Introduction: Definition and scope of Palaeobotany
2. Types of fossils and fossilization process.
3. Geological time scale of the earth.
4. Appearance and extinction of life forms in different geological periods.
5. Fossil Pteridophytes: Lepidodendron and
6. Fossil Gymnosperms: Cycadophilicales- Lygenopteris, Oldhamia; Bennettitales- Cycadeoidea.

Books Recommended

1. Arnold, C. R. 1977: An Introduction to Palaeobotany. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. House Co., New Delhi.
2. Biswas, C. and B.M. Johri. 1997: The Gymnosperms. Norasa Pub. House, New Delhi.
3. Caulter, J. M. and C. J. Chamberlain, 1917 (1964): Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India.
4. Mukherji, H. 1997: Plant Groups. New Central Book Agency, Ltd. Calcutta.
5. Parihar, N.S. 1955: An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I & II. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
6. Sharma, O. P. 1980: Gymnosperms – A treatise, Progati Prakashan, Meerut, India.
7.  Smith, G.M. 1955: Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II, Bryophyta & Pteriodphyta. McGraw Hill Co. London.
8. Vashishta, P.C. 1994: Botany for Degree Students. Vol. V. Gymnosperms. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi.

Botany Syllabus National University

1. Palynology (Marks 50)

1. Introduction: Historical review, fundamentals, branches, scope and application.
2. Palynomorphology: Pollen grain-wall, development, character, morphology (primary, secondary and tertiary characters); sporoderm stratification, NPC-system, evolutionary aspect of pollen and spores, palynotaxonomical aspects, pollen flora.
3. Melissopalynology: Bee and bee foraging, pollen load, pollen in honey, identification of bee flora and preparation of bee flora calendar, marker pollen, bee flora- importance and management.
4. Aeropalynology: Principles, pollen productivity, buoyancy, frequency, dissemination, distribution and dispersion principles, pollen as pollutants, scope and importance.
5. Paleopalynology: Principles, microfossils, reconstruction of vegetation; relation with archaeology and palaeobotany, tracing of pollen in geological era, scope and importance.
6. Pharmacopalynology: Pollen in nutrition and health, allergy in forensic medicine, scope and importance.
7. Biogenic palynology: Pollen as biological material, relation to agriculture, horticulture and plant improvement.

Botany Syllabus National University

Books recommended:

1. Faegri and J. Iversen. 1990: A Text Book of Modern Pollen Analysis. Copenhagen.
2. K.K. Nair, 1985: Essentials of Palynology. Asia Publishing House. New Delhi.
3. Erdman, 1952: Pollen Morphology & Plant Taxonomy, Waltham Mass, USA.
4. Erdtman 1954: An Introduction to Pollen Analysis. Waltham Mass, USA.
5. R. Saxena, 1993: Palynology – A treatise, Oxford & IBH Pub., New Delhi.
6. K. Shukla, M.R.Vijoyraghvan and B. Choudhury. 1998. Biology of Pollen. A.P.H. Pub. Corp. New Delhi.
7. R. Shivanna 2005. Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Pub. Comp. New Delhi.
8. Bhattacharya, M.R. Majumder & S.G. Bhattacharya. 2008. An introduction to Palynology, New Central Book Agency. New Delhi.
9. B. Knox.1979. Pollen and Allergy. Edward Arnold. London.

Plant Physiology and Plant Nutrition

Botany Syllabus National University

1. Plant Physiology (Marks: 80)
2. Life and life related physico-chemical phenomena: Physiology of life, colloids, diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition, osmotic pressure and root pressure.
3. Absorption of water: Mechanism of absorption, active and passive absorption, external factors affecting absorption of water; translocation of water, path of translocation of water, mechanism of translocation, different theories on transpiration pull and adhesion-cohesion theory.
4. Transpiration: Overview of transpiration, types of transpiration, mechanism of transpiration, mechanism of opening and closing of stomata, significance of transpiration.
5. Photosynthesis: Overview of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, light dependent reaction: action of light, photophosphorylation, light independent reaction: assimilation of CO₂, Calvin cycle, Hatch & Slack cycle, Crassulacean acid metabolism, comparison of C₃, C₄ and CAM pathways, factors affecting photosynthesis.
6. Respiration and fermentation: Definition and types of respiration, glycolysis, pyruvate to acetyl CoA formation, TCA cycle, electron transport system, respiratory quotient,  anaerobic respiration; definition of fermentation, alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation, comparison of respiration and fermentation.
7. Plant Growth Regulators: Discovery, classification, distribution, chemical nature of plant growth regulators; physiological effects of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene and abscisic acid.
8. Photoperiodism: An overview, photoperiodic induction, importance of dark period, critical photoperiod, perception of photoperiodic stimulus, discovery and distribution of phytochrome, physical and chemical properties of phytochrome, physiological effects of phytochrome.
9. Vernalization: Brief history, vernalization and flowering, site of perception of vernalization, mechanism of vernalization, devernalization, factors affecting vernalization.
10. Physiology of seed: Seed structure and development, viability of seeds, germination process and types of germination, conditions necessary for germination; physiological, biochemical and other changes accompanying seed germination; overview of seed dormancy, causes of seed dormancy, methods of breaking dormancy, advantages of dormancy of seed.
11. Plant growth: Plant growth curve, phases of growth; factors affecting plant growth, types and causes of senescence.

Books Recommended

1. Devlin, M.R. and H.F. Witham. 1986: Plant Physiology (4^th. Ed.). CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

2. Jain JL 1983. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Hess, D. 1975: Plant Physiology. Springer International Student Edition, New Delhi.
4. Pandey, S.N. and B.K. Sinha. 1990: Plant Physiology (2^nd. Ed.). Vikash Pub. House Pvt. Ltd.

5      Salisbury, F.B. and C. Ross. 1969 : Plant Physiology. Wardsworth Pub. Co. Inc., Belmont, California.

6. Srivastava HS 1991. Elements of Biochemistry, Rastogi Publications, Shiraji Road, Meerut, India.

1. Plant Nutrition (Marks: 20)
2. Plant Nutrition: Introduction to plant nutrition, essential elements; criteria of essential elements; micronutrients and macronutrients, role and deficiency symptoms of essential elements.
3. Ion absorption of plants: Factor affecting ion absorption, barrier of ion absorption, structure of plasma membrane, mechanism and types of ion absorption, passive absorption (Donnan equilibrium and cation exchange theory), active absorption (evidence of active absorption; carrier concept; and anion respiration or Lundegardth theory).
4. Pathways of translocation of ions: Apoplastic and symplastic pathway, upward movement of ions.
5. Water and sand culture: Introduction to water and sand culture, techniques of water culture, advantages and disadvantages of water culture.

Books Recommended

1. Epstein, E. 1972. Mineral Nutrition of plants: Principles and Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2. Gauch, H.G. 1982. Inorganic Plant Nutrition. Dowdess, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc.
3. Marschner, H. 1992. Inorganic Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, New York.
4. J.F. and F.S. Baker. 1984. Plants and Mineral Salts. Edward Arnold, London.
5. Hewitt, E.J. and T.A. Smith. 1974. Plant Mineral Nutrition. The English University Press, London.

 Plant Biochemistry

1. Introduction: Name and distribution of biochemical substances in plants.
2. Carbohydrates: Introduction to carbohydrates, types of carbohydrates, chemistry and distributions of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose and cellobiose,) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose and glycogen).
3. Amino acids: General structure, classification of amino acids, essential and non essential amino acids, protein and non-protein amino acids, industrial importance of amino acids.
4. Proteins: Biochemistry, structure, classification, functions of proteins.
5. Lipids: Overview of lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, structure and functions of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, oxidation of fatty acid.
6. Membrane Chemistry: Chemical nature of plasma membrane, structure and functions.
7. Enzymes: Overview of enzymes, classification, kinetics of enzymes, holoenzyme and apoenzyme, coenzyme and cofactors; structure and mechanisms, specificity (lock and key model, induced fit model), enzyme inhibitors.
8. Terpenoids: Main classes of plant terpenoids, path of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants; essential oils; di-terpenoids and gibberellins; triterpenoids and steroids; tetraterpenoids – carotenoids.
9. Alkaloids: History, chemistry, distributions, classification, major alkaloids and their plant families, importance of alkaloids.
10. Phenolic compounds: Introduction to phenolic compounds, shikimic acid pathway, flavonoid: chemistry and distributions, properties of different flavonoid classes, anthocyanins, importance of phenolic compounds.
11. Vitamins: Introduction to vitamin, source and types of vitamins, importance.
12. Principles of some biochemical methodologies: Spectrophotometry, centrifugation, chromatography.

Books Recommended:

• Conn EE and PK Stumpf 1972. Outlines of Biochemistry (3rd edn.), John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
• Goodwin, T.W. and E.I. Mereer. 1983: Introduction to Plant Biochemistry (2^nd. Ed.). Pergamon Press.
• Harborne JB 1973. Phytochemical methods. Chapman and Hill, London.
• Jain, J. L. 1983: Fundamental of Biochemistry (2^nd. Ed.). S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
• Lehninger AL 2005. Principles of Biochemistry (4th edn.), Freeman and Company, New York
• Mahler HR and EH cordes 1971. Biological Chemistry, 2nd edn., Harper and Row.
• Sivastava, H.S. 1990: Elements of Biochemistry. Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
• Varner, J.E. and J. Bonner. 1965: Plant Biochemistry. Acad. Press, New York, London.

Botany Syllabus National University

Ecology and Environmental Science

1. Ecology (Marks 50)
2. Introduction: Definition, history and scope of Ecology.
3. Plant Succession: Types and causes of succession, hydrosere and xerosere, models of succession.
4. Ecosystem: Definition, structure, components, functions and types of ecosystem; habitat and ecological niche; trophic level and trophic structure; energy flow in ecosystem; food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids, dynamics of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
5. Plant adaptations: Morphological, anatomical and physiological adaptive features of hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes.
6. Forest ecology: Introduction to forest, types of forests, dominant plants of deciduous, semi-evergreen and tidal forests of Bangladesh and their edaphic features.
7. Phytogeographical region of the world: Brief account of phytogeographical regions of the world and Indian sub-continent, interactions among floristic plant geography.
8. Methods of studying vegetation: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, measurements of vegetation by quadrate, transect and point methods, study of communities, community dynamics, classification of community.
9. The role of green plants in nature with reference to: (i) The sun-a thermonuclear energy source; (ii) radiant energy; (iii) human population and food supply.
10. Bio-geochemical cycles: Introduction to bio-geochemical cycles, types, carbon and nitrogen cycle.

Books Recommended

1. Bannister, P. 1976: Introduction of Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2.  Doubenmire, R. F. 1974: Plants and Environment. (3^rd. Ed.). Wiley International .
3. Daubenmire, R. F. 1974: Plant Communities – A Text Book of Synecology. Harper and Row Publ. London.
4. Etherington, J. R. 1971: Environmental and Plant Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
5. Kershaw, K. A. 1973: Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology, Edward Arnold Ltd.
6. Krebs, C. J. 1978: Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance, Harper International.
7. Kumar, H. D. 1995: Modern Concepts of Ecology, Vikash Pub. House, India.
8. Muller Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974: Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
9. Odum, E. P. 1971: Fundamentals of Ecology. Toppan Co. Ltd. Japan.
10. Poole, R. W. 1974: An Introduction of Quantitative Ecology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., NY.
11. Sharma, P. D. 1995: Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Pub., New Delhi.
12. Shukla and P. S. Chandel. 1991: Plant Ecology and Soil Science, S. Chand & Co., India.
13. Waisel, J. 1972: Biology of Halophytes. Academic Press, London.

Botany Syllabus National University

1. Environmental science (Marks 50)
2. Introduction: Definition, aims and objectives, plant-environmental relationship.
3. Environmental components: Biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and their importance.
4. Natural resources: Concepts and types, water, land, biological, mineral, energy, ocean, wildlife and human resources and their impact on environment.
5. Global environmental issues: Population explosion, effects of population explosion on the environment.
6. Drought and desertification: Drought and aridity index, drought and desertification caused by human activity, prevention and reversal of desertification.
7. Pollution: Definition, types of pollutants and pollution, causes and effects of pollution; nature, sources and causes of water and air pollution, control of water and air pollution.
8. Greenhouse effects: Introduction to greenhouse effects, sources and effects of greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gases and world climate, control of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and the world climate.

Books Recommended

1. Asthana, D. K. and M. Asthana. 1985: Environment : Problems and Solutions, S. Chand & Co.
2. Baldwin, J. H. 1988: Environmental Planning and Management. Int. Book. Dist.
3. Bhatia, H.S. 1998: A Text Book on Environmental Pollution and Control. Galgotia Pub.
4. Chiras, D.D. 1984: Environmental Science. The Benjamin Pub. Co. Inc.
5. Gain, P.S. Moral and P. Raj. 1998: Bangladesh-Environment: Pacing the 21st century. SHED, 44/D, West Panthapath, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.
6. Jeffries, M.J. 1997: Biodiversity and Conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
7. Kemp, D.D. 1990 : Global Environmental Issues. Routledge.
8. Pandey, G.N. 1999 : Environmental Management. Vikas Pub. House.
9. Santra, S.C. 2001 : Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency, Calcutta.                     
10. Shukla, R.S. and P. S. Chandel. 1991: Plant Ecology and Soil Science. S. Chand & Co., India.
11. Srivastava, N.Y. 1997 : Environmental Pollution. Ashish Pub. House.
12. Trivedi, R.N. 1997: A Text Book of Environmental Science. Anmol Pub.
13. Watt, K. F. 1973: Principles of Environmental Science. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.

Botany Syllabus National University

 Plant Pathology

1. Introduction: History of Plant Pathology, concept of disease in plants, causes, diagnosis, classification and importance of plant diseases.
2. Koch’s postulates and methods of studying plant diseases.
3. Parasitism and disease development: Parasitism and pathogenesis; development of plant disease- inoculation, penetration, infection, growth and reproduction, dissemination, over wintering and over summering of the pathogen.
4. Symptomatology: Viral, bacterial and fungal disease symptoms.
5. Toxins in relation to plant disease:
6. a) Types of toxins- pathotoxins, vivotoxins and phytotoxins; b) Host specific and non-specific toxins; c) Effect of toxins on plant disease.
7. Host defense against pathogens: Structural and biochemical defense.
8. Principles of plant disease management: Disease forecasting; regulatory, physical, cultural, chemical and biological methods of disease management.
9. Chemical control of plant diseases: Nature of chemical compounds – copper, mercury and sulphur compounds; methods of application- spraying, dusting, seed treatment and soil treatment.
10. Selected fungal diseases of crop plants: Causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycle and control measures of the following: i) tikka disease of ground nut; ii) stem rot, anthracnose and black band of jute; iii) late blight and early blight of potato; iv) rust and leaf spot of bean; v) brown spot, stem rot and blast of rice, vi) red rot of sugarcane; vii) stem rust and loose smut of wheat.
11. Selected bacterial diseases of crop plants: Characteristics and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria, mode of action of bacteria on host tissues; causal organisms, symptoms and etiology and control measures of the following diseases: i) angular leaf spot of cotton; ii) bacterial blight of rice; iii) citrus canker; iv) wilt of tomato; v) soft rot of potato.
12. Viral diseases of plants: Symptoms, causal organisms, vectors and control measures of the following diseases: i) tungro of rice, ii) bunchy top of banana; iii) vein clearing of lady’s finger, iv) leaf curl of tomato, v) mosaic of bean.
13. Seed pathology: Scope and importance of seed borne diseases; major seed diseases: seed abortion, discoloration, necrosis, rot; seed health testing; control of seed borne diseases.

 Books Recommended

1. Agrios, G.N. 1997: Plant Pathology (4th Ed.). Academic Press, London.
2. Fahy, P.C. and G.J. Persley. 1993: Plant Bacterial Disease. A Diagnostic Guide. Acad. Press, London.
3. Mehrotra, R.S. 1980: Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Com., Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Rangaswami, G. 1972: Diseases of Crop Plants in India. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Singh, R.S. 1978 : Plant Diseases. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.

Botany Syllabus National University

Cytology and Cytogenetics

1. Cytology (Marks 50)
2. Introduction: Definition, cell theory and cell concept, historical background of cytology.
3. Concept of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their differences.
4. Ultra-structure of eukaryotic cell: Detailed structure and functions of cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, golgibody, nucleus, and nucleolus.
5. Chromosome: Physical and chemical structure; classification; secondary constriction.
6. Chromatin: Eu-chromatin and heterochromatin; nucleosome- shape and organization; histone and non-histone proteins.
7. Special type of chromosome: Introduction, major special type of chromosomes viz. i) salivary gland chromosome; ii) lamp-brush chromosome, iii) B-chromosome and synaptenemal complex.
8. Cell division: Cell cycle, amitosis, mitosis, meiosis and their biological significance.

Books Recommended

1. Akhtaruzzaman, M. 1997: Koshbidhya (3^rd. Ed.), Hassan Book House, Dhaka.

1. Dupraw, E. J. 1970: DNA and Chromosomes, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
2. Gupta, M. L. and M. L. Jangir. 1998: Cell Biology: Fundamentals and Applications, Agro Botanika, New Delhi.
3. Sharma, A. 1976: The Chromosomes. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.
4. Wilson, G. B. and J. H. Morrison. 1966: Cytology. Litton Educational Pub. Inc., New York.

1. Cytogenetics (Marks 50)
2. Introduction: Definition, scope and brief history of Cytogenetics.
3. Chromosomal aberration: A general account and classification.
4. Deletion: Definition, types, genetic detection, phenotypic and genotypic effects, breakage–fusion bridge cycle (meiotic behaviour).
5. Duplication: Definition, kinds, genetic detection, position effect, breakage–fusion bridge cycle (meiotic behaviour).
6. Inversion: Definition, types, synapsis in inversion heterozygote, consequences of 2-strands, 3-strands and 4-strands double cross over (one extra and another intra loop) of a paracentric inversion heterozygote.
7. Translocation: Definition, types, different kinds of orientation and configurations of reciprocal translocation, heterozygote at MI, formation of different gametes from those configuration, identification of chromosomes involved in translocation and breeding behaviour.
8. Numerical aberrations: Introduction, classification, a brief account on origin, meiotic behavior and genetic ratio of monosomic, trisomic, nullisomic.
9. Polyploidy: Definition, classification, polyploidy in plants (natural and artificial), artificial induction of polyploidy and its significance in crop improvement, origin of new species by allopolyploidy (wheat).
10. Human Cytogenetics: Introduction, Down’s syndrome, Kleinfelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome.

Botany Syllabus National University

Books Recommended

1. Akhtaruzzaman, M. 1997: Koshbidhya (3^rd. Ed.), Hassan Book House, Dhaka.
2. Akhtaruzzaman, M. 1997: Kosh-Bangshagatibidhya, Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
3. Garber, E.D. 1992: Cytogenetics, McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
4. Moore, D.M. 1976: Plant Cytogenetics. Chapman and Hall Ltd., England.
5. Schulz-Schaeffer, J. 1980: Cytogenetics. Springer-Verlag, New York.
6. Sinha, U. and S. Sinha. 1997: Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Swaminathan, M.S., P.K. Gupta and U. Sinha. 1983: Cytogenetics of Crop plants. MacMillan Ltd., New Delhi.
8. Swanson, C.P., T. Merz and W.J. Young. 1982: Cytogenetics: The Chromosomes in Division, Inheritance and Evolution. (3^rd. Ed.). Reprint. Prentice Hall of India. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Botany Syllabus National University

Genetics

1. Historical background of Genetics.
2. Mendelian principles: Mendel’s law of inheritance; exceptions of Mendel’s laws.
3. Physical and chemical basis of heredity.
4. Interaction of genes: Complementary, duplication, epistatic and additive gene interaction, complete and incomplete dominance.
5. Linkage and crossing over: Introduction; linkage and recombination; gene mapping; interference and coincidence.
6. Sex determination: Chromosomal and genetic basis of sex determination; sex linked, sex limited and sex influenced characters.
7. Allelism and pleiotropism: Introduction; multiple alleles (ABO blood type) and pseudoalleles, pleiotropism.
8. Quantitave inheritance: Qualitative versus quantitative traits; multiple factors hypothesis- kernel colour in wheat and skin colour in human; polygenic inheritance and continuous variation.
9. Fine structure of gene: Chemical concept of gene, development of the concept of cistron, recon, muton and complon.
10. Biochemical genetics: Gene-protein relationship, one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, isolation of biochemical mutation.
11. Mutation: Discovery, causes, classification, mutagens, detection of mutation in Drosophila by CIB, detection of autosomal mutation, biochemical mutants- prototroph and auxotroph selection.
12. Cytoplasmic inheritance: Inheritance of variegated leaves in higher plants, inheritance of extranuclear genes, maternal inheritance, general idea of plasmid and episome.
13. Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg law and its conditions; gene frequencies; equilibrium of gene sequences; forces of evolution.
14. Genetic recombination in bacteria: Introduction, transformation, conjugation, transduction.

      Books Recommended

1. Benjamin Lewin. 2000: Gene 2000. Oxford University Press, NY.
2. Gordner, E.J. 1960 hrs.: Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, London.
3. Singleton, W.R. 1967: Elementary Genetics. D. Von Nostrand Co., Inc., Canada.
4. Sinnot, E.W., L.C. Dunn and Th. Dobzhansky. 1985: Principles of Genetics. (5th ed.). McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, London.
5. Snustad, D.P., et al.: Principles of Genetics, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
6. Strickberger, M.W. 1996: Genetics. MacMillan Pub. Co. Inc., New York, London.
7. Whitehouse, H.L.K. 1973: Towards and Understanding of the Mechanism of Heredity, Edward Arnold. England.

Botany Syllabus National University

Practical – III

 N.B. Practical examination will be carried out in two days with 6 hours duration each under the same Paper code.

Part A (Marks 50, Credit 2)

  (Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany & Palynology; Plant Physiology & Plant Nutrition; Plant Biochemistry, Ecology                       

Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany:  9 Marks

1. Study of museum specimens.
2. Detailed study including dissection, mountings, description, drawing and identification of Cycas and Pinus sp.
3. Study of fossil plants.

 Palynology:  4 Marks

1. Techniques of pollen collection, preparation and study of permanent pollen slide preparation.
2. Morphology and identification of common plants by using pollen morphology.
3. Pollen trapping from atmosphere and their study.
4. Pollen study in honey samples.

Plant Physiology: 8 Marks

1. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
2. Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis at different light intensities.
3. Demonstration of stomatal transpiration by four leaves method.
4. Heat evolution during respiration.
5. Pigment separation by paper chromatography technique.
6. Demonstration of plasmolysis by Rhoeo discolor leaf peal.

Plant Nutrition: 4 Marks

1. Preparation of various plant nutrient solutions such as knop’s solution, Hoagland solution.
2. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms.

Plant Biochemistry: 8 Marks

1. Tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars.
2. Quantitative test for starch, lipid and protein.
3. Observation of starch grains under compound microscope.

Botany Syllabus National University

Ecology: 10 Marks

1. Morphological and anatomical studies of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
2. Common hydrophytes and xerophytes of Bangladesh.
3. Determination of frequency, density and abundance of different species by quadrate method.
4. Study of different stomatal types of sun and shade habitats.
5. Halophytic adaptations such as pneumatophore, viviparous germination etc.

Collections:                                         2 Marks          

Practical Note Book:                           5 Marks

Part B (Marks 50, Credit 2)

 (Environmental Science, Plant Pathology, Cytology & Cytogenetics, Genetics)

Environmental Science: 6 Marks

1. Determination of BOD/COD of polluted water of pond, lake, river etc.
2. Identification of environmentally threatened categories of plants of an area.

 Plant Pathology:  12.0 Marks

1. Preparation and staining of plant pathogenic specimens.
2. Study of symptoms and causal organisms of common plant diseases.
3. Preparation of Bordeaux mixture
4. Preparation and sterilization of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungal growth.
5. Collection, identification and preservation of viral, bacterial and fungal specimens.

 Cytology and Cytogentics: 14 Marks

1. Preparation of fixative: Conroy’s fluid.
2. Preparation of cytological stain: Acetocarmine, aceto-orcein.
3. Study of mitosis in onion root tip cells by acetocarmine squash method.
4. Study of meiosis in Rhoeo discolor/Setcreasea purpurea.
5. Studies of interchange complex in Rhoeo discolor.
6. Determination of centromeric type, centromeric index, relative length and chromosome formula from the supplied data.

Genetics: 8 Marks

1. Verification of monohybrid and dihybrid F₂ ratios by chi-square test.
2. Studies of interaction of genes with the use of maize cob showing segregation of grain color/supplied data.

Collections (Plant Pathology) and permanent slides (Cytology): 5.0 Marks

Practical Note Book:                                                                         5.0 Marks

 Instruction to the Examiners

 Part –A (Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany & Palynology, Plant Physiology and Plant          Nutrition, Plant Biochemistry and Ecology)

   Time: 6 hours     Marks: 50

 Specimen A will be from Gymnosperms.

 Distribution of marks                                                

Botany Syllabus National University

 Specimen B will be pollen from fresh flowers/honey samples.

    Distribution of marks

 C will be an experiment on Plant Physiology. At least two experiments will have to be given alternately.

   Distribution of mark                                   

 Preparation of Knop’s solution/Hoagland’s solution 

Distribution of marks

5. `D’ will be an experiment to determine the presence or absence of reducing and non- reducing sugars in the supplied solutions.

Water, Sugar solution and Glucose solution may be supplied. Examinees will have to identify the type of sugar and will have to show the result to the examiners and will have to write results giving reasons.

 Distribution of marks    

 Study of vegetation by quadrate method.

 Distribution of marks 

 Specimens/slides/photographs will have to be given for identification:

   E-Gymnosperms, F- Palaeobotany  

  G & H will be materials of ecological importance 

 Collection 2.0

  Practical Note Book                                 5.0           

Instruction to the Examiners

 Part-B (Environmental Science, Plant Pathology, Cytology& Cytogenetics, Genetics)

 Time: 6 hours   Marks: 50

 Sample A will be the determination of BOD/COD from supplied water from pond/lake/river.

  Distribution of marks:                                                               

    Botany Syllabus National University

2. Specimens B & C will be from fungal diseased plant.

       Distribution of marks 

3. Specimen D will be root tip/flower bud for cytological studies. One stage of mitotic/meiotic cell division has to be shown to the examiners except early prophase.

        Distribution of marks:                

 Specimens E, F, G, H, I & J should be from herbarium sheet/plant/permanent slide/photomicrograph etc.

    E and F-Diseased plant/plant part

   G and H- Cytological specimens

   I and J – Cytogenetical specimens 

5. Specimens K and L will be maize cob with different coloured seeds/any other segregating material to tests Mendel’s ratios by chi-square test.

        6.  Collection and Permanent slides 5.0

7. Practical Note Book 5.0 

Botany Syllabus National University

Botany FOURTH YEAR

Agronomy and Horticulture

1. Introduction: Definition and scope of Agronomy and Horticulture.
2. Tillage: Purpose, types, merits and demerits, agricultural implements.
3. Fertilizer: Classification of fertilizers and its application, manures, irrigation.
4. Cropping: Crops and cropping, mono- and multiple relay intercropping and mixed cropping, cropping system, and crop rotation.
5. Cultivation and management of crops: Rice, wheat, jute, sugarcane, cotton and mustard.
6. Weeds: Weeds of the fields, their harmful and beneficial effects and control measures.
7. Horticultural propagation: Details about cutting, layering, budding, thinning, pruning, grafting, and their merits and demerits; use of root inducing substances in stem cutting propagation.
8. Preparation of seed bed: Sowing and seedling growth composition, doses, application time and procedures.
9. Irrigation: Sources of irrigation water, classification of irrigation system, methods of irrigation, quality of irrigation water and water requirements of crop plants.
10. Branches of horticulture: Classification of horticultural plants with examples.
11. Horticultural aspects and cultivation of following: Vegetables: potato, brinjal, tomato, lady’s finger, and cabbage; Fruits: mango, jackfruit, papaya, guava, and lemon; Flowers: rose, chrysanthemum and orchid.
12. Pre- and Post-care seedling, transplantation of seedlings, pruning and training- objectives, method, merits and demerits.
13. Problems of cultivation of horticultural plants in plain land and hilly regions of Bangladesh.
14. Concept and components of social forestry and agroforestry.

Botany Syllabus National University

Books Recommended

1. C.C. Webster. 1980. Agriculture in the tropics. Longman Groups, Ltd. London.

2. A. Alim. 1974. An Introduction to Bangladesh Agriculture.

3. Adams, C.R., K.M. Bamford and M.P. Early. 1984. Principles of Horticulture (2^nd. Ed.). Butteruorth Heinmour. CBS Publisher & Distributions.

4. Sadhu, M.K. 1989. Plant Propagation. New Age Int. Pub. Ltd.

5. Fordham, R. and A.G. Biggs. 1985. Principles of Vegetable Crop Production. Collis Professional & Technical books, 8 Grafton street, London, WIX 3LA.

6. Adriance and F.R. Brison. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants (2^nd. Ed.). McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.,

1. Rao,M.S. 1987. Introduction to Social Forestry.

Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy

1. Economic Botany (Marks 20)
2. Introduction: Definition, scope and importance of Economic Botany.
3. Scientific and local names, part/s used and importance of 10 economically important plants of each of the following groups: Cereals, pulses, oil, fiber, timber, fruit, vegetables, spices and aromatic plants.
4. Tea, rubber and sugar: Cultivation and processing.

Books Recommended

1. Albert, F.H. 1972. Economic Botany. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Hill, A.F. 1951. Economic Botany, Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Pandey, B.P. 1978. Economic Botany S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
4. Ethnobotany (Marks 30)
5. Introduction: Definition, current concept and scope, main subjects of Ethnobotany, aims and objectives of ethnobotanical studies.
6. Origin and development of the branch, Present and past of ethnobotanical research in Bangladesh.
7. Methods of ethnobotanical study: Basic concepts and techniques, protocol, research design, ethnobotanical methods for documentation of data, data collection and transcription.
8. Sacred plants: Plants used in religion and mythology.
9. Ethnobotany of the tribes of Bangladesh: Chakma, Garo, Marma, Sawtal, Tripura.
10. Indigenous Knowledge (IK): Definition, plant related indigenous knowledge, types and sources of indigenous knowledge, IK in folklore, folktales, folksongs and proverbs, importance of IK.

Books Recommended

1. Alexiades MN. 1996.Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual.

2. Cotton, C. M. 1997. Ethnobotany, Principals and Application. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK.

3. Jain, S. K. 1989. Methods and approaches of ethnobotany. Society of Ethnobiology, Lucknow, India.

4. Jain, S. K. 1989. Methods and approaches of ethnobotany. Society of Ethnobiology, Lucknow, India.

5. Martin, G. J. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods manual. Chapman & Hall, London.

C. Pharmacognosy (Marks 50)

1. Introduction: Definition, its relation to herbal medicine, pharmacology, pharmacopoeia; medicinal and non-medicinal plants, herbal, alternative or complementary medicine.
2. Non-medicinal plants – hallucinogen, allergenic, teratogenic and other toxic plants, plants with pesticide properties.
3. Drug, medicine and poisons – their definitions and differences.
4. Classification of drugs with examples: a. alphabetic, b. morphological, c. taxonomical, d. chemical and e. pharmacological.
5. Major 10 -indigenous medicinal plants of Bangladesh, their scientific names, plant parts used as drug source.
6. Primary and secondary metabolites of plants and their relations to drug principle.
7. Preparatory methods of herbal medicine- a. whole plant or plant parts, b. fine abstract.
8. Cultivation and improvement of medicinal plants through agronomical and biotechnological means.
9. Name of important drugs, principles of plant origin with plant source and use of atropine, codine, digitoxin, disogenin, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and reserpine.
10. Conservation of the medicinal plants of Bangladesh: Importance and methods of conservation.

Books recommended

1. A. Ghani. 2002. A Text Book of Pharmacognosy. Asiatic Society, Bangladesh.

2. A. Ghani. 2003. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society, Bangladesh.

3. M. Ali. 2002. Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Pub. New Delhi, India.

4. Phil. B. Fontanarosa (Ed.). 2000. Alternative medicine- an objective assessment. J. Fraukos, USA (AMA).

5. W.C. Evans. 2003. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, ELBS, UK,.

Botany Syllabus National University

Limnology and Aquaculture

1. Introduction: Definition, history, classification, scope and importance of Limnology, limnology versus hydrobiology, hydrologic cycle.
2. Distribution of fresh water: Ponds, lakes, rivers, and estuaries, aquatic resources of Bangladesh.
3. Lakes: Definition, origin and distribution, lake basins, zonation and classification of lakes, special types of lakes, natural lakes of Bangladesh, important lakes of the world.
4. Physical factors of inland water: Light and water, source, quality and role of light in aquatic ecosystems, calculation in lentic and lotic waters, water color, thermal stratification and mixing, density of water, cohesion, viscosity, and surface tension, classification of lakes depending on mixing, water movement and flow.
5. Chemical features of inland water: Dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity, carbonate, bicarbonate, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, silica and diatom growth, trace elements.
6. Structure and productivity of aquatic habitat: Introduction to productivity, methods of measuring primary productivity of aquatic habitats.
7. Eutrophication: Brief account on eutrophication, causes and effects of eutrophication
8. Aquatic flora: Phytoplankton, algae, macrophytes, aesthetic and economic value of aquatic flora.
9. Aquaculture: Introduction to aquaculture, aquatic resource management, natural productivity of ponds/lakes, maintenance and improvement of ponds/lakes, methods of phytoplanktonic culture.

Books Recommended

1. Agarwal, K.C. : Limnology
2. Goldman, C.R. and A.J. Horne. 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill Inc. Book Co., Tokyo.
3. Khan, M.S. and M. Halim. 1987. Aquatic angiosperms of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Naional Herbarium, BARC, Dhaka.
4. Welch, S. Paul. 1952. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
5. Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology, W.B. Saunders Co. London.
6. Wetzel, R.G. and G.E. Likens. 1979. Limnological Analysis. W.B. Sunders Co. Philadelphia, USA.
7. Cole,G.A. 1979. Text Book of Limnology. The Mosby Co. London

Botany Syllabus National University

Biodiversity and Evolution

1. Biodiversity (60 Marks)
2. Introduction: Definition, aims and objectives, different types of Biodiversity.
3. Elementary knowledge: Introduction to longitude, latitude and altitude, continental drift, tectonic movement, land bridge, biogeography, temperate, tropical, tundra and alpine zones of the world and their vegetation.
4. Characterization of biodiversity from ecological perspectives: Species diversity within areas and species richness, functional diversity, basic principles, micro-biodiversity, world biodiversity hot-spots.
5. Loss of biodiversity: Causes of loss of biodiversity; effect of the degradation of biodiversity; causes of species extinction.
6. Biodiversity in context of Bangladesh: Elementary knowledge on the patterns of biodiversity in Bangladesh; indigenous, exotic, common, rare threatened and endangered species of Bangladesh; plant introduction in Bangladesh; basic knowledge on plant resources of Bangladesh.
7. Biodiversity conservation: Causes of loss of biodiversity and need of biodiversity conservation.
8. Methods of plant protection and conservation types: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation, role of national and eco-parks, reserve forests, sanctuary, wetland areas, botanic gardens, orchard, seed banks and field gene banks of Bangladesh in biodiversity conservation.
9. Role and activities: IUCN, WWF, WCMC, UNICEF, EAS, CITES, CBD.

Books Recommended

1. Agrawal, K. C. 1996. Biodiversity: An Introduction. Agropublication, New Delhi.
2. Gain, P.S. Moral and P. Raj. 1998. Bangladesh-Environment: Pacing the 21st century, SHED, 44/D, West Panthapath, Dhanmondi, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh.
3. Heywood, V.H. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment (UNEP).
4. Jeffries, M.J. 1997. Biodiversity and Conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
5. Olwell, F.M. 1996.Restoring Biodiversity- Principles and Practice.
6. U.Kumar and M.Asija 2004. Biodoversity: Principles and Conservation.
7. K.W.Krishnamorthy. 2004. An Advanced Text Book on Biodiversity.
8. Evolution (40 Marks)
9. Pre-Darwinian concept: Buffon, Herbert Spencer, Lamarck, lamarckism, criticism of Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism.
10. Darwin-Wallace theory and natural selection: Charles Darwin and R. A. Wallace, voyage of the HMS Beagle by Darwin, essence of Darwinism, criticism of Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism, role of natural selection in evolution.
11. Evidences of evolution: Paleontological, missing link, living fossil, biogeographical and ecological regions of world, adaptive radiation, comparative anatomy, vestigial organs, embryological, cytological, biochemical and molecular evidences.
12. Synthetic theory of evolution: Stebbins’ proposal, evolution process, genetic explanation, Hardy-Weinberg law, static and dynamics of gene in population.
13. Speciation: Species concept, characteristics of species, steps of evolution: micro-, macro-, mega-evolution, Isolation- pre-mating, post-mating, sympatric, allopatric isolation.
14. Chemical theory of origin of life: (a) Experimental evidences-Operin-Haldane hypothesis, Miller-Urey experiment.

Books recommended

1. Akhtaruzzaman M 1998. Bibarinbidhya, Bangla Academy, Dhaka
2. Case CJ 1986. Cosmology. The search for order of the universe. Tata Books @ Inc.
3. Darwin C 1992. The origin of species (ed. G.K. Burrow). Penguin Books.
4. Dobzhansky Th.FJ Ayala, GL Stebbins and JW Valemteni 1990. Evolution. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, Surjeet Publication
5. Lewin R 1984. Human evolution. Blackwell Science Publication.
6. Rastogir VB 1990. Organic evolution. Keder Nath Ram Nath., New Delhi.
7. Stebbins GL 1971. Process of organic evolution. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
8. Strickberg MQ 1990. Evolution. Jones-Bartlet publication, Boston.

Plant Breeding

1. Introduction: Definition, scope and objectives of Plant Breeding.
2. Origin and domestication of crops: Centres of origin of crop plants, importance of this concept in plant breeding, domestication of crops.
3. Plant genetic resources: Definition, collection, evaluation and conservation (ex situ and in situ) of germplasm, use of germplasm in plant breeding programmes.
4. Reproductive biology and plant breeding: Modes of reproduction in crop plants, pollination mechanisms in plant improvement, self-incompatibility and male sterility and their significance in plant breeding.
5. Selection: Selection methods in self- and cross pollinated crops and clonal selection in vegetatively propagated plants.
6. Hybridization: Objectives; techniques and types of hybridization and importance of artificial hybridization.
7. Breeding techniques in self- and cross-pollinated crops: Methods, merits and demerits of mass selection, pure line selection, pedigree selection and bulk method.
8. Heterosis breeding: Introduction to heterosis, hybrid vigor and inbreeding depression, genetic basis of heterosis, achievements through heterosis breeding.
9. Mutation breeding: Introduction to mutation breeding, artificial induction of mutation in plants, use of induced mutation technique in crop improvement, limitations of mutation breeding.
10. Backcross breeding: Methods, merits and limitations of backcross breeding.
11. Plant Introduction and acclimatization of economically important crops.
12. Contribution of various national research institutes for the development of improved varieties of different crop plants.

Books Recommended

1. Allard, R. W. 1999. Principles of Plant Breeding. (3^rd. Ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
2. Chaudhury, H.K. 1978. Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.
3. Dana, S. 2001. Plant Breeding. Naya Udyog, Calcutta.
4. Poehlman, J. M. and D. Borthakur. 1977. Breeding Asian Field Crops. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.
5. Simonds, N.W. 1979. Principles of Plant Improvement. Longman Group Ltd. London.
6. Singh, B.D. 1995. Plant Breeding – Principles and Methods, (6^th. Ed.). Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Sinha, U. and S. Sinha. 1977. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution, Vikas Publ. House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Botany Syllabus National University

Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics

1. Introduction: Historical development, macromolecules and store of biological information, the basis of heredity, central dogma.

2. Bio-information molecules: Components, structure, biological and chemical properties of DNA, RNA and proteins.

3. DNA replication: Introduction to DNA replication, semi-conservative replication of DNA, mechanism of DNA replication, significance of DNA replication.

4. Repair of damaged DNA molecules: Introduction to DNA repair, photoreactivation, excision repair, post-replication recombination repair and SOS repair.

5. Transcription: Transcription mechanism, post-transcriptional modification of RNAs, RNA splicing.

6. Translation: Genetic code, characteristic features of genetic code, code dictionary, mechanism of translation – aminoacylation, codon recognition and mechanism of protein synthesis.

7. Regulation of gene expression: General features of gene regulation, operon concept (lac-operon, tryptophan operon).

8. Mutation: Characteristics and classification of mutation, point mutation, mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis.

1. Physical mapping and sequencing of genome: Restriction enzyme, DNA fingerprinting, method of DNA sequencing, automated DNA sequencing.
2. Bioinformatics: Definition and basic knowledge about bioinformatics; information technology and biomolecular sequence analysis, similarity searches on sequence databases, pair-wise alignments, multiple sequence alignments, application of bioinformatics.

Books Recommended

1. D. Frefelder. 1990. Molecular Biology. Norosa Pub. House, New Delhi.
2. Adams, Burdon. Compbell, Leader, Smellie. 1980. The Biochemistry of the Nucleic acids, (9^th ed.), Chapman & Hall, London.
3. B. Lewin. 1993, 1995. Gene IV and V. N.J. Willey & Sons. N. York.
4. Alberts Bra, Lewis Raff Roberts and J. Watson, 1992. Molecular Biology of the Cell. (2^nd. Ed.), Garland and Pub., New York..
5. A.M. Lesk 2007. Introduction to Genomics. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
6. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics, Dan E. Krane and Michael L. Raymer, San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2003. ISBN: 0-8053-4633-3
7. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the analysis of genes and proteins edited by Andreas D. Baxevanis, B.F. Francis Ouellette, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2001, second edition. ISBN: 0-471-38391-0

Botany Syllabus National University

Biostatistics and Research Methodology

1. Biostatistics (70 Marks)
2. Introduction: Definition and scope of Biostatistics; continuous and discontinuous variables, concept of population and samples, random samples.
3. Classification and Presentation of data: Collection and classification of data; tabular and graphic (histogram, frequency, polygon) representation of data, bar diagram and pie chart.
4. Measures of central tendency and dispersion: Parameters of measuring central tendency (mean, mode and median) and dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of variation), confidence limit.
5. Distributions: Symmetrical and asymmetrical distributions, characteristics and importance of normal and binomial distribution.
6. Probability: Concepts of probability, probability rules, some elementary probability.
7. Test of significance: Null hypothesis, test of significance, comparison of two means, t-test, paired and unpaired t-test, Z-test, X²-test.
8. Measures of variable association: Scatter diagram; simple correlation and regression analysis; test of significance for correlation and regression coefficients.
9. Analysis of variance: One way and two way classifications of variance, comparison of three or more samples, F-test.
10. Experimental design: Concept; experimental unit; treatment; principles of experimental design; analysis of variance for completely randomized design (CRD), randomized block design (RBD), and latin square design; least significance difference (LSD) test.

Books Recommended

1. Gomez, A. and A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Panse, V. G. and P. V. Sukhatme. 1978. Statistical Methods (3^rd. Ed.). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
3. Verma, B. L., G.D. Shukla and R.N. Srivastava. 1993. Biostatistics. CBS Publication, Delhi.
4. Zaman, S.M.H., K. Rahman and M. Howlader. 1980. Simple Lessons from Biometry. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur.
5. Research Methodology (30 Marks)
6. Introduction: Characteristics of research, research and scientific methods, rationale and significance of research, types of research, research methods and methodology, qualitative and quantitative approaches of research, ethics in research.
7. Research Process: Problem and hypothesis formulation, review of literature, research objectives, sampling techniques, collection, processing and analysis of data; interpretation of the findings.
8. Report writing and oral presentation: Basic components of a research report, effective report writing, effective oral presentations, audiovisuals, benefits of using visual aids.
9. Technical writing: Thesis writing, preparation of bibliography, publishing a scientific paper, writing of research proposals for grant.

Books Recommended

1. Kattaarik, C.R. 1990. Research Methodology: Methods and Techinques (2^nd Edition). Ram Pritograph, New Delhi.
2. Huntsberger, D.V. and Billingsly, B. Elements of Statistical analysis.

Botany Syllabus National University

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

1. Biotechnology: Definition, scope and importance of plant biotechnology, global importance of biotechnology.
2. Recombinant DNA technology: Gene cloning, restriction endonucleases, cloning vectors, identification and analysis of cloned genes, application and significance of recombinant DNA technology.
3. Molecular markers: Introduction to molecular markers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); application of molecular markers.
4. Plant tissue culture: Laboratory organization, sterilization techniques, plant cell and tissue culture medium, plant growth regulators, plant regeneration, callus culture, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, cell suspension culture, protoplast isolation and culture.
5. Application of tissue culture techniques: Micropropagation, somaclonal variation, haploid production, production of disease free plants and commercial aspects of tissue culture.
6. Plant genetic engineering: Introduction, gene transfer to plants, Agrobacterium–mediated gene transfer, Ti plasmid, vectors of plant transformation; direct gene transfer methods, particle bombardment and electroporation.
7. Biogas technology: Introduction to biogas technology, production method and uses.
8. Wastewater treatment biotechnology: Introduction to wastewater and treatment process, types and characteristics of wastewater, wastewater treatment by activated sludge process. .
9. Biofertilizer: An overview of biofertilizer, major biofertilizer groups, production and uses.
10. Single cell protein (SCP): Definition, types and importance of single cell protein, production of SCP.
11. Biosafety guidelines and regulations: Safety consideration in biotechnology, intellectual property right (IPR) related to biotechnology and biosafety guidelines of Bangladesh.

Books Recommended

1. Dubey, R. C. 2001: A Text Book of Biotechnology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
2. Dodds, John H. and Lorin W. Roberts. 1982: Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London.
3. Kumar, H.D. 1993: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., India
4. Higgins, I.J., D.J. Best and J. Jones: Biotechnology: Principles and Applications.
5. Razdam, M.K. 1993: An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Smith, S.E. 1996: Biotechnology (3rd ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London.
7. Biosafety guidelines of Bangladesh. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh http://dbtbiosafety.nic.in/act/Bangladesh

Practical-IV

*Practical examination will be carried out in 6 hours examination in two days each under the same Paper code.

Part A (Agronomy and Horticulture; Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy; Biodiversity and Biostatistics)

Time: 6 hours Marks: 50

Agronomy and Horticulture: 8 Marks

1. Identification of different types of fertilizer and seeds of important crops.
2. Seed bed preparation in field and pot preparation for using seedlings.
3. Transplantation of seedlings, pre- and post- transplanting care.
4. Viability test of seeds; seed germination and calculation of percentage of germination.
5. Techniques of vegetative propagation: Cutting, budding, grafting and layering.

Economic Botany: 5 Marks

1. Study and identification of economically important plants, plant parts and finished products of Bangladesh included in the syllabus.
2. Collection, identification of and uses of important plant materials.

Ethnobotany: 5 Marks

1. Identification, naming and uses of some of common local plant material culture.

2. Plant part used and process of preparation of the identified etnobotanical material.

Pharmacognosy: 5 Marks

1. Preparation of herbarium medicinal plants of Bangladesh.
2. Methods of preparation of different reagents for qualitative test of (i) alkaloids, (ii) terpenoids, (iii) flavonoids.
3. Qualitative test for alkaloids – spot test by Mayers, Dragendorff, Wagner, Hagers and tannic acid.
4. Production procedures (methods of production) of items like powder, tablet, paste, suspension/ group etc.

Biodiversity: 8 marks

1. Study of different life forms in a suitable place.
2. Analysis of species diversity in an area.
3. Identification of at least 50 species of different plant groups in an around the institution.
4. Collection and preservation of different groups of plants, herbarium specimen preparation technique.

Biostatistics: 10 Marks

1. Recording of quantitative data and presentation in tabular and graphical form.
2. Computation of mean, mode, median, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.
3. Comparison of two samples mean by t-test.
4. Test for goodness of fit by χ² test.
5. Testing the nature and magnitude of relationship between two traits of a plant species by correlation and regression analysis.

Collection and Excursion Report 4.0

Practical Note Book 5.0

Part B (Limnology and aquaculture, Plant Breeding, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering)

Time: 6 hours Marks: 50

Limnology and Aquaculture: 12 Marks

1. Determination of water temperature, pH and Secchi depth of a pond, river, lake etc.
2. Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO), free CO₂ and alkalinity of pond water.
3. Local excursion to a pond/lake/marshy place and collection of hydrophytes, phytoplankton, macrophytobenthos and their analyses in the laboratory.
4. Study of some common macrophytes of Bangladesh: Emerging, floating, submerged and free floating (3-5 from each category).

Plant Breeding: 8 Marks

1. Demonstration of hybridization technique.
2. Selection and use of marker in hybridization programme.
3. Test of pollen fertility by acetocarmine.

Molecular Biology: 8 Marks

1. Use of chromatography technique for separation of amino acids.
2. Determination of molecular weight of protein molecules using SDS PAGE gel plates.
3. Estimation of molecular size of DNA using agarose gel plate.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: 10 Marks

1. The students are required to visit to different research institutes involved in biotechnological research and have to submit study report.
2. Demonstration of aseptic culture technique: Preparation and sterilization of culture/fermentation media.
3. Preparation of plant tissue culture medium such as MS medium.
4. Technique of yoghurt/cheese production.

Report on the visit of Biotechnological Institute 7.0

Practical Note Book 5.0

Instruction to the Examiners

Part A (Agronomy and Horticulture, Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosy, Biodiversity, Biostatistics).

Time: 6 Hours Marks: 50

1. Specimens for grafting should be given.

Distribution of Marks:Botany Syllabus National University

1. Viability test of seeds/pot preparation for seedling

Distribution of Marks:Botany Syllabus National University

1. Specimen A, B & C should be composted fertilizer/chemical fertilizer/seed

Distribution of Marks: Botany Syllabus National University

1. Specimen E, F should be selected from common economic products/parts of ethnobotanic uses.

Distribution of Marks: Botany Syllabus National University

1. Specimen G, H should be selected from common available medicinal plant. Students have to write their local name and scientific name.

1. Specimen M & N will be samples of qualitative test for alkaloids.

Or

Preparation of herbal suspension/group

1. Study of life forms.

Or

Determination of heterogenecity by Shanon-Winner method from the supplied data (at least 2 sets of data are to be given alternately).

1. A set of data will be given for t-test/variance analysis/correlation analysis (data are to be given alternately).

1. Collection and Excursion Report 4.0
2. Practical Note Book 5.0

Paper-B (Limnology & Aquaculture, Plant Breeding, Molecular biology, Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering)

Time: 6 Hours Marks: 50

1. Specimen `A’ will be water sample for limnological experiment

Distribution of Marks:

1. Specimens B & C will be common macrophytes. Students have to write their scientific name.

Distribution of Marks 1.0×2= 2.0

1. Specimens D & E should be plants or twigs with flower, buds of two different colours for hybridization

Distribution of Marks:

1. Sample `F’ will be given for the estimation of the molecular size of DNA molecules.

Distribution of Marks:

1. Production of Yoghurt/isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria by mud-pie technique.

Distribution of Marks:

1. Preparation of tissue culture medium

Botany Syllabus National University

Distribution of Marks:

1. Report on the visit of Biotechnological Institute 5.0
2. Practical Note Book 5.0

Botany Syllabus National University

Viva-voce